Chapter 1: History Flashcards
Antiseptic Technique
Chemical used to inhibit or kill microorganisms on skin or tissue.
Algae
Eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic organism with simple reproductive structures.
Bacteria
Prokaryotic microorganisms typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan.
Chemotherapy
A branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms.
Conclusions
Based on the observed results of the experiment, the scientist either accepts,rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.
Control groups
The unmanipulated group of an experiment.
Paul Ehrlich
Coined the phrases “chemotherapy” and “magic bullet.” Also invented the precursor technique to the Gram stain.
Experimental Group
The group that is manipulated
Fungi
Eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms.
Germ Theory
Hypothesis formulated by Pasteur that microorganisms are responsible for disease.
Robert Hooke
Inventor of the microscope. Microscopes that had a single lens that could magnify up to 30x. Used his microscope to describe the structure of cork. First to see and explain cells
Hypothesis
Potential answer to a question
Immunology
Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens
Edward Jenner
First to use vaccine. Studied people who had been exposed to cowpox were protected from small pox.
Robert Koch
Studied anthrax. First to show bacteria caused disease.
Koch’s postulates
- Must fine a causative agent in every case of disease, not healthy organism.
- Isolate and grow outside host.
- Must cause same disease if put into healthy organism
- Must be reisolated from experimental host
Joseph Lister
Father of aseptic surgery. Furthered work by Semmelweis and Pasteur. Insisted on hand washing, using carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize wounds and instruments
Microorganisms
An organism too small to be seen without a microscope.
Lady Mary Montague
ordered her children to variolated (purposely expose to a disease) while visiting the Ottoman Empire. became popular in england because she did it
John Needham
- Recognized large animals did not spontaneously generate, but small did
- corked beef gravy and plant extract–got cloudy
- contaminated his own experiment.
Florance Nightengale
- Furthered work of Lister and Semmelweis in Nursing
- developed school to train nursese.
- Prevented nosocomial infection (infection in a health care setting)
Louis Pasteur
- completely debunked spontaneous generation
- bent neck of flasks
- developed germ theory
- fermentation, pasteurization, rabies vaccines
- found and ran pasteur institute in Paris
Pathogen
A microorganism capable of causing disease.
Prontosil (sulfa drug)
- developed by Domagk
* inhibited grow of bacteria
Protozoa
single-celled eurkaryotes that lack a cell wall and are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and structure
Francesco Redi
- fly experiment (maggots only appeared where flies were able to go)
- 1st to question spontaneous generation
Schleiden and Schwann
*cell theory
* all living things are made of cells
*cell = distinct entity
Building block for all tissues and all living things
cells are living and only arise from other living things
Scientific Method
Process by which scientists attempt to prove or disprove hypothesis through observations of the outcomes of carefully controlled experiments
Ignaz Semmelweis
Started to insist med students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water to prevent the spread of “cadaver particles” from autopsy to delivery. decreased death of puerperal fever from 18.3% to 1.3% in one year
Lazzaro Spallanzani
contradicted needham– sealed the top of a flask instead of corking it. fluid remained clear unless broken. People still questioned him.
Spontaneous Generation
The theory that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
built simple microscopes. Was the first to see and describe life in a drop of water. Used the term animalcules = tiny animals
viruses
group of organisms that are extremely small and are technically not living
