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Biology 101 > Chapter 2: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Digestion Flashcards

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0
Q

What does ph do?

A

Measures whether something is basic or acidic

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1
Q

What is the most universal solvent?

A

Water

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2
Q

On the ph scale 7 and up is?

A

Basic

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3
Q

On the ph scale 7 and down is?

A

Acidic

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4
Q

On the ph scale 7 is?

A

Neutral

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5
Q

What two parts the solution consist of?

A

Solute and solvent

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6
Q

30% sucrose solution contains what?

A

30% sucrose solution and 70% solvent

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7
Q

In a 30% sucrose solution what is the solute?

A

Sucrose

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8
Q

In a 30% sucrose solution what is the solvent?

A

Water

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9
Q

What are two types of active transport?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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10
Q

What is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

A

Diffusion

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11
Q

What is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

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12
Q

The higher the solute the lower the what?

A

Solvent

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13
Q

The higher the solvent the lower the what?

A

Solute

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14
Q

What does active transport do?

A

It moves molecules of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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15
Q

Why do you need a breakdown of numbers?

A

So that you and your doctor can come up with a solution

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16
Q

All except sex hormones are what?

A

Proteins

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17
Q

What are sex hormones?

A

Lipids

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18
Q

What are insulin hormones?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What does transfat increase?

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A phosphate and lipid mixed together

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21
Q

Hydrophilic means what?

A

It attracts water

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22
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Repels water

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23
Q

Polar means what?

A

Attracted to water

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24
Q

Nonpolar means?

A

It repels water

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25
Q

Which family does steroids belong to?

A

Lipid

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26
Q

What does anabolic steroids affect?

A

Muscle and bone development

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27
Q

1 gram of carbohydrates = ?

A

4 kal

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28
Q

1 gram of protein = ?

A

4 kal

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29
Q

1 gram of fat = ?

A

9 kal

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30
Q

What are antibodies used for?

A

To fight off foreign invaders

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31
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

Proteins in the membrane

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32
Q

What are recognition proteins used for?

A

They are used to identify cells that belong to you as opposed to cells that are foreign

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33
Q

What happened in inactive transport?

A

You move from an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration

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34
Q

What are the building blocks for proteins?

A

Monomers ( amino acids) (aa)

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35
Q

How does dehydration synthesis happen?

A

Aa1 and aa2 form a peptide bond and add h2o

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36
Q

What is a chain of amino acids (protein)also called?

A

Polypeptide chain

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37
Q

What does the DNA base pairing rule states about nitrogen bases?

A

That nitrogen bases T always goes with A and G always goes with C

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38
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases?

A

T, A, G, C

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39
Q

What are the three different types of RNA?

A

Messenger, transfer, and ribosome

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40
Q

Where are the messenger RNAs found?

A

In the nucleus

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41
Q

Where are the transfer RNAs found?

A

In the cytoplasm

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42
Q

Where are the ribosome RNA found?

A

In the rough E.R.

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43
Q

What does RNA base pairing rule state?

A

A always goes with uracil and G goes with C

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44
Q

What is ATP an example of?

A

Nucleic acid

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45
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and physical

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46
Q

What does saliva do?

A

It moistens the food so you can taste it

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47
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Breaksdown the starch

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48
Q

What is peristaltic action?

A

When the esophagus contracts and relaxes creating waves and pushing the food down in waves

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49
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially liquified food

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50
Q

How does pepsin become active?

A

Pepsin is inactive and then the hydrochloric acid is added and now the pepsin is active

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51
Q

What does pepsin digest?

A

Proteins

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52
Q

What does emulsify mean?

A

Breakdown

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53
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Neutralizes the acid

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54
Q

Why does the body breakdown organic compounds into their original make up?

A

So that it can use the original make up to make up any other organic compound it needs

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55
Q

What is a positively charged particle found in the nucleus?

A

Proton

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56
Q

What are particles with no electrical charge that is found in the nucleus?

A

Neutrons

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57
Q

What are negatively charged particles found in layers around the nucleus?

A

Electrons

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58
Q

What are the layers orbiting around the nucleus?

A

Electron shells

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59
Q

In a normal atom the number of protons is always equal to the number of electrons. True or False?

A

True

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60
Q

In a normal atom the number of protons is always the same as the number of neutrons. True or False?

A

False

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61
Q

What atoms with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?

A

Isotopes

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62
Q

Not a lot of atoms have unstable isotopes. True or False?

A

False

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63
Q

Atoms tend to breakdown over time. True or False?

A

True

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64
Q

What is the amount of time it takes one-half of an isotope sample to decay into a different element?

A

Half life

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65
Q

What is composed of atoms, all the same type?

A

Elements

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66
Q

What is each element represented by?

A

Chemical symbols

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67
Q

What is each element’s unique number of protons called?

A

Atomic number

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68
Q

When the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons what kind of charge does the atom have?

A

None. The atom is neutral.

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69
Q

What are the chemical properties of elements determined by?

A

The number of electrons in the outermost shell

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70
Q

How many electrons are on the first level?

A

2

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71
Q

How many electrons are on the second level?

A

8

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72
Q

How many electrons are on the third level?

A

18

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73
Q

What is the octant rule?

A

When atoms are in the most stable configuration when the outermost shell holds exactly 8 electrons

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74
Q

What is a bond that forms when one atom donates one or more electrons and another atom accepts?

A

Ionic bond

75
Q

What does an atom become if it gains or loses electrons?

A

Ion

76
Q

What does an atom become if it gains or loses protons?

A

A different element

77
Q

An atom that gains or loses neutrons?

A

Isotope

78
Q

What do elements combine to form?

A

Molecules or compounds

79
Q

What are elements made of?

A

Atoms

80
Q

What are atoms that accept electrons? And why?

A

Negative ions. Because their electrical charge changes from neutral to negative.

81
Q

What area atoms that donates electrons? And why?

A

Positive ions. Because their electrical charge changes from neutral to positive.

82
Q

Ionic bonds are very strong. True or False?

A

False

83
Q

In what do ions separate back into their original state?

A

Water

84
Q

Ions are important for what type of chemistry?

A

Body

85
Q

Why are ions important to body chemistry?

A

Because they are necessary for the proper function of many body systems

86
Q

What are some examples of body systems that ions help?

A

Nervous system
Muscle system
Digestive system
Cardiovascular system

87
Q

What is the ph scale based on?

A

The concentration of the hydrogen ion (H+)

88
Q

The higher the concentration of hydrogen the what?

A

The lower on the ph scale

89
Q

The lower the concentration of hydrogen the what?

A

The higher on the ph scale

90
Q

The ph runs from what?

A

0 - 14

91
Q

When the solution has a ph of 7 what is it?

A

Neutral

92
Q

When the solution’s ph is lower than 7 it’s what?

A

An acid

93
Q

When the solution’s ph is higher than 7 it’s what?

A

A base

94
Q

Acids do what to hydrogen ions?

A

Release

95
Q

Bases do what to hydrogen ions?

A

Absorb

96
Q

Covenant bond forms when?

A

Atoms share electrons

97
Q

Covenant bonds may be formed with what?

A

One or more electrons

98
Q

What does a single covenant bond share?

A

One pair of electrons

99
Q

What does a double covalent bond share?

A

Two pairs of electron

100
Q

Do strong covalent bonds separate easily in water?

A

No

101
Q

All four organic compounds form what?

A

Covalent bonds

102
Q

What are the four organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

103
Q

In nonpolar covalent bonds the electrons are what?

A

Shared equally between atoms

104
Q

In polar covalent bonds the electrons are what?

A

Not shared equally between atoms

105
Q

What is an example of a polar covalent bonds?

A

Water

106
Q

What does the term polar mean?

A

Different charges on opposite ends of the molecule

107
Q

Because water molecules are polar what does the positive end of one water molecule do?

A

Bonds to a negative end of a different water molecule

108
Q

When a hydrogen and oxygen bond it’s called what?

A

A hydrogen bond

109
Q

Why can water dissolve more substances than any other liquid?

A

Because all compounds can bond with one end or the other of a water molecule

110
Q

What are cells surrounded by?

A

Cell membrane

111
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls the movement of molecules in and out of the cell

112
Q

Since the cell has control of which molecules can cross the membrane, the membrane is said to be what?

A

Selectively permeable

113
Q

Cells exist in what type of environment?

A

Wet

114
Q

What is a solution?

A

Materials dissolves in a liquid (usually water)

115
Q

What are the dissolved materials called what?

A

Solute

116
Q

The liquid in which the materials are dissolved is called what?

A

Solvent

117
Q

Solute + solvent always equals what?

A

100%

118
Q

Passive transport requires what?

A

No energy from a cell

119
Q

In passive transport substances do what?

A

Move across the membrane freely

120
Q

What are examples of passive transport?

A

Oxygen
Water
Carbon dioxide

121
Q

What are two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

122
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

123
Q

What is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration also called?

A

Concentration gradient

124
Q

What is a nonliving example of diffusion?

A

Spraying perfume in one corner of a room and the aroma will begin to diffuse throughout the room

125
Q

What are some living examples of diffusion?

A

Oxygen diffusing from the air into the blood

126
Q

How does oxygen diffuse into the blood?

A

There are higher levels of oxygen inside the lungs than in the blood so the oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood

127
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

128
Q

Why does diffusion occur?

A

Because atoms and molecules continually move and bump into each other

129
Q

What happens to the atoms and molecules in areas where the molecules are more highly concentrated?

A

Collisions are more frequent

130
Q

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion that refers only to what?

A

The movement of water

131
Q

A 30% sucrose solution contains a what percentage of water than a 20% sucrose solution?

A

Lower

132
Q

What does active transport do?

A

It uses ATP energy to move molecules across the cell membrane that can’t be moved by passive transport

133
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

Moving cells against the concentration gradient

134
Q

What some examples of moving cells against the concentration gradient?

A

Cells pick up glucose from the blood to use for cell respiration
Sending messages in nerve cells

135
Q

How do plants use active transport?

A

Plant cells absorb low concentration minerals inside the cell from the soil which has a higher concentration of the same minerals in the soil

136
Q

Living organisms require what as a source of energy for metabolic activities?

A

Food

137
Q

What are the two ways food is broken down?

A

Chemically and mechanically

138
Q

Where does digestion take place?

A

Within a tube that forms the digestive tract

139
Q

The digestive tract begins with what and ends with what?

A

Mouth and anus

140
Q

All organic compounds have a skeleton of covalently bonded what?

A

Carbon atoms

141
Q

Carbon atoms form what type of bonds?

A

Very stable

142
Q

What does carbon atoms form strong bonds with?

A 
One another
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
143
Q

When carbon atoms forms all these strong bonds with all these elements it forms what?

A

Organic compounds

144
Q

All organic molecules are composed of small organic molecules joined together to form what?

A

Larger molecules

145
Q

The small organic molecules are also called what?

A

Building blocks

146
Q

The smaller building blocks are called what?

A

Monomers

147
Q

Small organic molecules joined together into larger molecules called?

A

Polymers

148
Q

Some polymers may consist of how many atoms covalently bonded together?

A

Thousands

149
Q

Monomers can be separated and used for what?

A

Part of a new polymer

150
Q

What is combining several small molecules into larger molecules?

A

Synthesis

151
Q

What does synthesis do?

A

Forms covalent bonds between unlinked monomers

152
Q

What are some examples of synthesis?

A

Building muscles, repairing body tissue

153
Q

What is breaking larger molecules into smaller pieces?

A

Hydrolysis

154
Q

What is an example of hydrolysis?

A

Digestion

155
Q

Carbohydrates are example of what?

A

Organic compound

156
Q

What some of the functions carbohydrates have?

A

Energy source
Energy storage
Structural materials
Cell identification

157
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates being used as an energy source?

A

Photosynthesis: solar energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars
Sugars can be used as fuel for cell respiration

158
Q

What are some examples of sugars being used as fuel for cell respiration?

A

Glucose and fructose

159
Q

What is an example of carbohydrates being used to store energy for later use?

A

Glucose monomers join together to form large storage molecules when needed the monomers can be broken apart and used as fuel for cell respiration

160
Q

What are some examples of glucose monomers joining together to form large storage molecules?

A

Starch ( in plants)

Glycogen (in animals)

161
Q

What do some types of carbohydrates do?

A

Provide structural support to cells and become part of the body tissues of organisms

162
Q

What some examples of carbohydrates providing structural support to cells?

A

Cellulose and chitin

163
Q

What does cellulose do?

A

Forms the cell wall of plants and provides strength and support to branches and trunks of trees

164
Q

What does chitin do?

A

Forms the skeleton of insects, crabs and stiffens the cell wall of fungi

165
Q

Cells have identification markers that do what?

A

Label you as a human and as an individual

166
Q

How does carbohydrates aid in cell identification?

A

Carbohydrates link to recognition proteins

167
Q

What are the recognition proteins called?

A

Glycoproteins

168
Q

What are the building blocks for carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide

169
Q

Monosaccharide is also called?

A

Simple sugars

170
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars)?

A 
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
171
Q

Two monosaccharides bonded together is called?

A

Disaccharide

172
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose and lactose

173
Q

Glucose + fructose =?

A

Sucrose

174
Q

Glucose + galactose =?

A

Lactose

175
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By dehydration synthesis

176
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The removal of water

177
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The addition of water

178
Q

What is made up of chains of many monosaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides

179
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide used in polysaccharide construction?

A

Glucose

180
Q

What other things is glucose used to make?

A

Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen

181
Q

Different arrangements of the monomers may result in what?

A

Different shape of the polysaccharides with different functions

182
Q

Dietary fibers are what?

A

Polysaccharides that are not digested in the small intestine

183
Q

What don’t humans have?

A

The type of digestive enzymes needed to break the bonds found in cellulose

184
Q

How much dietary fibers should you have a day?

A

18 grams

Biology 101 (2 decks)

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