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Physiology > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

unit of matter that forms all chemical substances

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2
Q

Protons, neutrons, electrons

A

subatomic particles of atoms

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3
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

protons and neutrons in the centre of the atom

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4
Q

Atomic number

A

corresponds to the number of protons in an atom

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5
Q

Ions

A

an atom that gains or loses one or more electrons and acquires a net charge

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6
Q

Cations

A

positive ion
(lost an electron)

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7
Q

Anions

A

negative ion
(gained an electron)

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8
Q

Molecules

A

two or more atoms bonded together

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9
Q

Chemical bonds

A

forms between atoms in a molecule;
occurs when electrons transfer from the outer shell of one atom to that of another

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10
Q

Rank the strength of bonds:

A

nonpolar, polar, ionic, hydrogen

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11
Q

Covalent bond

A

strongest bonds where electrons are shared

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12
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

electrons shared unequally

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13
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons shared equally

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14
Q

Electronegativity

A

how strong a particular atom attracts electrons

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15
Q

What kind of molecule is water?

A

Polar molecule

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16
Q

What are polar covalent bonds responsible for in water?

A

surface tension

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17
Q

‘Similar molecules will dissolve easily with molecules of the same type’

A

Like dissolves like

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18
Q

Ionic Bond

A

strong attraction between two oppositely charged ions

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19
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weak but prevalent bonds

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20
Q

What biomolecule depends on hydrogen bonds?

A

DNA

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21
Q

What kind of signaling depends on hydrogen bonds?

A

juxtacrine signaling

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22
Q

Rotation around what bonds allows for different molecular conformations?

A

Carbon bonds

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23
Q

Ionic molecules

A

have a functional group that picks up a charge
(carboxyl or amino group)

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24
Q

Free Radical

A

atoms or molecules containing a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital

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25
What is one property of a free radical?
highly reactive due to an extra electron
26
Solutes
substances dissolved in a liquid
27
Solvent
the liquid that dissolves substances
28
Dehydration reaction
two subunits come together and release water
29
Hydrolysis
using water to break apart a molecule
30
Osmosis
the movement of water across a membrane
31
Hydrophilic
'water-loving'
32
Hydrophobic
'water-fearing'
33
Amphipathic molecules
polar/ionized region on one side and a nonpolar region on the other side
34
Acid
molecule that releases protons
35
Base
substance that accepts a proton/hydrogen
36
pH
hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
37
What is the normal homestatic pH?
7
38
What are the four classes of biomolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
39
Carbohydrates & subunits
disaccharides/polysaccharides -- monosaccharides
40
Lipids & subunits
triglycerides -- 3 fatty acids, glycerol phospholipids -- 2 fatty acids, glycerol steroids
41
Proteins & subunits
polypeptides -- amino acids
42
Nucleic Acids & subunits
DNA and RNA -- nucleotides
43
Glycogen
reservoir of available energy stored in chemical bonds within glucose monomers
44
Glucose
blood sugar
45
What composes a lipid?
hydrogen and carbon
46
What kind of bonds do lipids have?
nonpolar covalent (low solubility)
47
What are the functions of lipids?
-storage -cell membrane component -signalling molecules
48
Fatty Acid
carbon chain with a carboxyl group
49
Saturated fatty acid
all carbons filled with one H bond
50
Unsaturated fatty acid
contains one or more double bond because not not all carbons are filled with the most H bonds
51
Triglycerides
3 carbon sugar alcohol + 3 fatty acids
52
What is the function of triglycerides?
energy storage
53
Phospholipids
3 carbon sugar alcohol + phosphate + nitrogen
54
What is one feature of phospholipids?
amphipathic
55
Where in the cell could you find a phospholipid?
cell membrane
56
Steroids
lipid four interconnected rings of biomolecules
57
Proteins
C, H, O, N, S
58
Functions of proteins
-regulate gene expression -transport -enzymes -cell signaling -motor -structure -defense
59
Amino Acid
protein subunit carboxylic acid, carbon, amino group, R group
60
What are the three types of amino acids?
-nonpolar -polar (ionized) -charged
61
What is the cause of the chain form of an amino acid?
Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction
62
Peptide bond
links amino acids
63
Primary structure
number and sequence of amino acids in the chain
64
Secondary structure
alpha helix or beta pleated sheet allows the protein 'shape' to imbed on cell membrane
65
Tertiary structure
3D structure of a protein intramolecular bonds (within the molecule itself)
66
Intramolecular bonds
bonds WITHIN the molecule itself (tertiary structure of a protein)
67
What are the five determinants of tertiary structure?
-hydrogen bonds between side groups -ionic interactions -interactions between hydrophobic regions -covalent disulfide bonds -Van Der Waals forces
68
Quaternary structure
multiple tertiary proteins linked together intermolecular bonds (occur between two tertiary proteins)
69
Intermolecular bonds
bonds CONNECTING molecules (quaternary structure of a protein)
70
Conformation
3D shape of a protein
71
What happens any time something binds to a protein?
its conformation changes
72
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
73
Nucelotide
monomer subunit of nucleic acids
74
What is the function of a nucleic acid?
stores information
75
Two characteristics of nucleotides
-charged -dissolves easily in water (hydrophilic)
76
DNA
two chains of nucleotides bound by nitrogenous bases through hydrogen bonds
77
Function of DNA
replication
78
RNA
single strand of DNA
79
Characteristics of RNA
-ribose sugar -uracil replaces thymine in base-pairing -less stable
80
Function of RNA
messaging (smaller and weaker)

Physiology (10 decks)

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