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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: the body isn’t made up of chemicals

A

false

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2
Q

what are 2 subcategories of chemistry

A

basic chemistry and biochemistry

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3
Q

define matter

A

something that occupies space and has mass

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4
Q

what are the 3 states of matter

A

solid,liquid,gas

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5
Q

define solid

A

definite shape and volume

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6
Q

define liquid

A

changeable shape; definite volume

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7
Q

define gas

A

changeable shape and volume

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8
Q

what is the smallest stable unit of matter

A

atoms

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9
Q

true or false: electrons orbit the nucleus

A

true

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10
Q

what is the fundamental unit of matter

A

atoms

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11
Q

what are found in the nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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12
Q

what is an element

A

a unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.

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13
Q

what 4 elements make up 96% of the body

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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14
Q

how many elements make up 3.9% of the body

A

9

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15
Q

how many elements make up the last <0.01% of the body

A

11

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16
Q

does an element with a full outermost shell of electrons react with other elements.

A

no

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17
Q

what is a molecule

A

two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond

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18
Q

name some characteristics of ionic bonds

A

don’t share electrons, give electrons away
positive and negative bonds
not very strong

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19
Q

name sone characteristics of a covalent bond

A

share electrons
very strong

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20
Q

name some characteristics of hydrogen bonds

A

could be more or less equal
share electrons

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21
Q

what is a ion

A

an atom or a molecule with a positive or negative charge

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22
Q

what is an electrolytes

A

a term for a group of atoms that dissociate (make ions) on the body that are important for proper function.

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23
Q

add an electron

A

negative charge

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24
Q

lose an electron

A

positive charge

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25
Q

name some characteristics of energy

A

has no mass, does not occupy space,
can measure it based upon its effects on matter
makes things move

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26
Q

what is the technical definition of energy

A

the ability to do work, or to put matter into motion

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27
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

energy in action

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28
Q

what is potential energy

A

stored energy

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29
Q

what is mechanical energy

A

directly involved in moving matter

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30
Q

what is thermal energy

A

travels in waves

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31
Q

what are some examples of thermal energy

A

heat, visible light, uv light, and x-rays

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32
Q

what is electromagnetic and electrical energy

A

movement charged particles (ions)

33
Q

what is chemical and nuclear energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds

34
Q

true or false: energy can be transformed into another form of energy

A

true

35
Q

is energy conversion efficient

A

no

36
Q

why is energy conversion inefficient

A

some energy is lost as heat, which can be partly usable energy

37
Q

when do chemical reactions take place.

A

when bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

38
Q

what are the parts to a chemical equation

A

reactants and products

39
Q

what are synthesis reactions

A

when smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules.

40
Q

what are decomposition reactions

A

when bonds are broken into larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules.

41
Q

what are exchange reactions

A

when bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions)

42
Q

true or false: atoms and molecules colliding with sufficient speed causes chemical reactions to occur.

A

true

43
Q

what are 4 factors that can influence the rate of chemical reactions

A

temperature, concentration, particle size, and catalysis

44
Q

how does the temperature influence the speed of chemical reactions

A

the hotter the molecules are the faster they move

45
Q

how does concentration effect the rate of chemical reactions.

A

more molecules means more collisions, less molecules means less collisions

46
Q

how does particle size influence chemical reaction speed.

A

the bigger the molecule the higher chance they will run into each other.

47
Q

how do catalysts influence chemical reactions

A

they are proteins that speed up reactions.

48
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical compounds

A

inorganic and organic

49
Q

what are some examples of inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, acids, bases

50
Q

true or false: waters structure doesn’t relate to its function

A

false

51
Q

why is it important that heat can be added or removed without much change

A

it prevents rapid changes to strict and its important to maintain homeostasis

52
Q

is a lot of heat required to convert water to gas

A

yes

53
Q

what is considered the universal solvent

A

water

54
Q

why is water considered the universal solvent

A

its polarity allows it to dissociate positively and negatively charged compounds readily

55
Q

what is a solvent

A

the chemical that does the dissolving

56
Q

what is a solute

A

the chemical that is dissolved

57
Q

what is a salt

A

an ionic compound containing cations other then H+ and anions other then the hydroxyl (OH-)

58
Q

true or false: salts dissociate into their component forms when in water

A

true

59
Q

are all electrolytes’ salts

A

yes

60
Q

what one the most common salts in the body

A

NaCl, CaCO3, KCl

61
Q

what salt is found in bones and teeth

A

CaPO4

62
Q

what salt is found in hemoglobin

A

Ionic Iorn (Fe)

63
Q

do acids and bases conduct electrical currents

A

yes

64
Q

what is a neutral ph

A

7

65
Q

what are acidic pH’s

A

1-6

66
Q

what are basic pH’s

A

8-14

67
Q

true or false: acids are proton donors

A

true

68
Q

what determines the acidity of a solution

A

the proton concentration

69
Q

what do acids do in the body

A

denature proteins and prevent bacterial growth

70
Q

what are some other acids that are found in the body

A

Lactic acid, DNA, RNA, amino acids, fatty acids

71
Q

do bases accept or donate a proton

A

accept

72
Q

what do bases do in the body

A

buffer H+ to prevent pH changes

73
Q

true or false: water can act like a base

A

true

74
Q

what happens when acids and bases mix

A

they neutralize

75
Q

what is a neutral pH

A

7

76
Q

What is acidic (pH scale)

A

0-5

77
Q

what is basic (pH scale)

A

8-14

78
Q

do all organic compounds contain carbon?

A

yes

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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