Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
___ is the amount of matter in an object
Mass
___ is the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
Weight
This is the simplest type of matter, having a unique chemical property
Element
___ is the smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element
Atom
3 Major subatomic particles of an atom:
- Proton (+)
- Neutron
- Electron (-)
This element is highest in the body by the number of atoms
Hydrogen (63.0)
This element is highest in the body by weight
Oxygen (65.0)
This subatomic particle of an atom has no charge
Neutron
This subatomic particle of an atom has a one positive charge
Proton
This subatomic particle of an atom has one negative charge
Electron
The ___ of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, this is also the number of electrons.
Atomic number
The ___ is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom
Mass number
___ are two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
Isotopes
Positively charged ions are called
Cations
Negatively charged ions are called
Anions
This forms when electors are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
Symbol for Calcium
Ca2+
Sodium
Na+
Potassium
K+
Hydrogen
H+
Hydroxide
OH-
Chloride
Cl-
Bicarbonate
HCO3-
Ammonium
NH4+
Phosphate
PO43-
Iron
Fe2+
Magnesium
Mg2+
Iodide
I-
This bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Covalent Bond
This type of covalent bond refers to equal sharing of electrons between atoms
Nonpolar covalent bond
This type of covalent bond refers to the unequal sharing of electrons or when two atoms have different electronegativities
Polar covalent bond
A ___ is composed of two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit
Molecule
A ___ is a substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms
Compound
This is determined by adding up the atomic masses of its atoms
Molecular mass
___ are the weak electrostatic attractions that exist between oppositely charged parts of molecules
Intermolecular mass
This intermolecular bond is formed from the attraction of oppositely charged ends of one polar molecule to another polar molecule.
Hydrogen bond
This chemical bond can be broken by water
Ionic bond
This chemical bond is the strongest bonds
Covalent bonds
This is the weakest chemical bond
Hydrogen bond
This is the ability of one substance to dissolve in another (for example - sugar dissolving in water)
Solubility
This part in a solution is the liquid that dissolves the solid
Solvent
This part of a solution is the solid being dissolved in the liquid
Solute
Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called ___ because they have the capacity to conduct an electric current
Electrolyte
This occurs when atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or break chemical bonds
Chemical reaction
The substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called __
reactants
The substances that result from the chemical reactions are called ___
products
A ___ is when two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product (build up, simple to complex)
Synthesis Reaction (anabolic)
A ___ is the reverse of a synthesis reaction - a larger reactant is chemically broken down into smaller products
Decomposition (catabolic)
Chemical reactions that result from the exchange of electrons between the reactants are called ___
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
This reaction is the loss of an electron by an atom
Oxidation (OIL)
This reaction is the gain of an electron
Reduction (RIG)
___ is the capacity to do work. It has no mass, does not occupy shape, and is neither created nor destroyed
Energy
__ is stored energy that could do work but is not doing so
Potential Energy
___ is the form of energy that is actually doing work and moving matter
Kinetic energy
___ energy is the result of the position or movement of objects
Mechanical energy
This is a form of potential energy stored within the chemical bonds of a substance
Chemical energy
This is a form of energy that flows from a hotter object to a cooler object
Heat energy
__ is the minimum amount of energy that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
Activation energy
These are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions
Catalysts
These are proteins that act as catalysts
Enzymes
This type of chemistry generally deals with substances that DO NOT contain Carbon coming from nonliving things
Inorganic chemistry
ex. Salt, Water
This is the study of carbon-containing substances and the C–H bond (Carbon + Hydrogen)
Organic chemistry
Molecules attracted to water are called
Hydrophilic (water-loving)
Molecules that lack attraction to water are called
Hydrophobic (water-fearing)
__ is a combination of two or more substances physically blended together but not chemically combined
Mixture
ex. smog - smoke and fog, mud - dirt and water, cement - gravel and sand and water
__ is any mixture in which the substances are uniformly distributed
Solution
ex. coffee, tea, dishwater
__ is a mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together
Suspension
ex. muddy water, flour in water
__ is a mixture in which dispersed substance or particle is unevenly distributed throughout the mixture
Colloid
A ___ is defined as a proton donor
Acid
An acid can be identified by these two:
- High hydrogen ion (H+)
- 0-6 pH
A ___ is defined as a proton acceptor
Base / Alkaline
A base can be identified with:
- High sodium hydroxide (OH-)
- 8-14 pH
This is a means of referring to the H+ concentration in a solution
pH scale
These are chemicals that resist changes in the pH when either acids or bases are added to a solution
Buffers
Inorganic chemistry:
Water
Salt
Acids and Bases
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
4 major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
PLANC
Proteins Lipids Adenosine Triphosphate Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates
__ are organic molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large
Carbohydrates
3 types of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
This type of carbohydrate are large and composed of numerous, relatively simple building blocks called
Monosaccharides
Common 6-carbon sugars like glucose, fructose. and galactose are ___
isomers
__ are composed of two monosaccharides bound together through a dehydration reaction
Disaccharides
ex. lactose
__ are long chains of monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
ex. Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
__, or animal starch, is a multi-branched polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules. This is the main storage form of glucose in humans
Glycogen
__ and __ are two important polysaccharides found in plants
Starch and cellulose
__ are a major group of organic molecules that defined as being relatively insoluble in water
Lipids
__ are a major type of lipid
Fats
These constitute 95% of the fats in the human body
Triglycerides
Triglycerides consist of two different types of building blocks, namely __
Glycerol and fatty acid
__ is a 3-carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon atom
Glycerol
A fatty acid is __ if it contains only one single covalent bond
saturated
Saturated fats: beef, pork, whole milk, eggs, butter, cheese
The carbon chain is __ if it has one of more double covalent bonds
unsaturated
___ such as olive and peanut oils have one double covalent bond between carbon atoms
Monounsaturated fats
__, such as safflower, sunflower, corn, and fish oils, have two or more double covalent bonds
Polyunsaturated fats
__ are the best type of fats in the diet
Unsaturated
__ are unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the addition of hydrogen
Trans fats
__ are similar to Triglycerides, except that one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a phosphate-containing region
Phospholipids
__ are lipids that have four ringlike structures
Steroids
Important steroid molecules:
- cholesterol
- bile salts, which increase fat absorption in the intestines
- reproductive hormones estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
__ is an especially important steroid because other steroid molecules are synthesized from it
Cholesterol
Fat-soluble vitamins _, _, _, _ are another class of lipids
A, D, E, K
Covalent bonds formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis are called __
Peptide bonds
The __ of a protein is determined by the sequence of the amino acids bound by the peptide bonds
primary structure
A __ is a protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without the enzyme being permanently changed
Enzymes
The ___ is the region of the enzyme that binds reactants and catalyzes their conversion to products.
Activation site
According to the ___ of enzyme action, a reaction occurs when the reactants bind to the active site on the enzyme.
lock and key model
The view of enzymes and reactants as rigid structures fitting together has been modified by what other model?
induced fit model
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA stands for
Ribonucleic acid
Nucleotides in a DNA
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
___ is the most important molecule for storing and providing energy in all living organisms
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
