Chapter 1: Human Organism Flashcards
This includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death
Development
This organ system performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Digestive System
The scientific discipline that studies the body’s structure
Anatomy
The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of the body
Physiology
The study of the cells
Cytology
The study that examines the tissues
Histology
A person is ____ when lying face upward
Supine
This characteristic of life refers to an increase in size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism
Growth
This level of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
Developmental Anatomy
A subspecialty of developmental anatomy that considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
Embryology
The two approaches of gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy
Systemically and Regionally
A ___ is a group of structures that have one or more common functions
system
In this type of anatomy, the body is studied system by system
Systemic Anatomy
In this type of anatomy, the body is studied area by area
Regional Anatomy
This involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body
Surface Anatomy
The use of radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
Anatomical Imaging
These are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern
Anatomical Anomalies
This type of physiology examines the processes occurring in cells such as energy production from food
Cell Physiology
The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease
Pathology
This type of physiology focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise
Exercise Physiology
What are the 6 Levels of Organization?
- Chemical level
- Cell level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
What is the 1st level of organization?
Chemical level
What is the 2nd level of organization?
Cell level
What is the 3rd level of organization?
Tissue level
What is the 4th level of organization?
Organ level
What is the 5th level of organization?
Organ system level
What is the 6th level of organization?
Organism level
What are the 6 Characteristics of Life?
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Development
- Reproduction
This characteristic of life refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts if an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
Organization
This is the ability to use energy and to perform vital functions
Metabolism
This refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism
Metabolism
This characteristic of life is an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment
Responsiveness
What are the 11 body systems?
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
It involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state
Differentiation
This is the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
Morphogenesis
This is the formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
This body system provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce Vitamin D
Integumentary System
This body system provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose
Skeletal System
This body system produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Muscular System
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
Endocrine System
A major regulatory system that transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature
Cardiovascular System
What are the 3 Components of the Cardiovascular System?
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels (veins, arteries)
This body system removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue, and fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic System or Immune System
The Lymphatic System is also known as the ____
Immune System
This regulatory system is responsible for exchanges in oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
Respiratory System
This system removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
Urinary System
The system responsible for producing hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
Reproductive System
The existence and maintenance of a balanced environment within the body
Homeostasis
A disturbance in homeostasis, resulting in disease and possibly death
Homeostatic Imbalance
Changes in our environmental conditions, such as hot or cold outdoor temperatures, are called ___ because their values are not constant
Variables
Ideal normal body value in homeostasis is called ___
Setpoint
In the negative feedback in homeostasis, negative is ___ and means “____”
good, “to decrease”
This is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Negative Feedback
What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism?
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effector
A changed variable in homeostasis is called ___
Stimulus
This occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater
Positive feedback
Positive feedback is ___ and means “___”
bad, “to increase”
A chemical responsible for blood clot formation
Thrombin
This refects to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical Position
A person is ___ when lying face upward
Supine
A person is ___ when lying face downward
Prone
In directional terms, superior means ____ and is interchangeable with the term ____
“above”, Cephalic
In directional terms, inferior means ____ and is interchangeable with the term ____
“below”, Caudal
In directional terms, anterior means ___ and is synonymous with the term ____ which means ___
“In front of”, ventral, “belly”
In directional terms, posterior means ___ and is synonymous with the term ____ which means ___
“behind”, dorsal, “back”
Proximal means ___
“close to”
Distal means ___
“far from”
Medial means ____
“toward the midline”
Lateral means ____
“away from the midline”
___ describes a structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
___ means away from the surface, toward the interior of the body
Deep
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The chin is ___ to the navel
superior (or cephalic)
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The nipple is ___ to the breastbone
lateral
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The spine is ___ to the breastbone
posterior (or dorsal)
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The wrist is ___ to the elbow
distal
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The elbow is ___ to the wrist
proximal
Complete the sentence using the correct directional term:
The nose is __ to the ears
medial
The head, neck, and trunk are from what region of the body?
Central region
What are the divisions of the trunk?
- thorax
- abdomen
- pelvis
The upper limb consists of what parts of the body?
- the arm
- the forearm
- the wrist
- the hand
The lower limb consists of what parts of the body?
- the thigh
- the leg
- the ankle
- the foot
The abdomen is subdivided superficially into quadrants by two imaginary lines that intersect at the navel. The quadrants formed are ____
right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant
The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines creating a virtual “tic-tac-toe” grid, resulting in nine regions which are:
- epigastric
- right hypochondriac
- left hypochondriac
- umbilical
- right lumbar
- left lumbar
- hypogastric
- right iliac
- left iliac
If there is pain caused by the appendix, the region this pain radiates from is the ___
right lower quadrant
A patient in constipation will feel pain in the ___
left lower quadrant
This plane separates the body into right and left halves
sagittal plane
A ___ is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body
median plane
A _____ runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves
frontal plane/coronal plane
A _____ runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane/horizontal plane
If an organ cut is made across the length at other than a right angle, this is called an
oblique section
A cut through the length of the organ is a ____
longitudinal section
A cut at a right angle to the length of an organ is ____
transverse or cross-section
forehead =
Frontal
eye =
Orbital
nose =
Nasal
ear =
Autic
cheek =
Buccal
chin =
Mental
mouth =
Oral
collarbone =
Clavicular
neck =
Cervical
chest =
Pectoral
breastbone =
Sternal
breast =
Mammary
armpit =
Axillary
arm =
Brachial
front of elbow =
Antecubital
forearm =
Antebrachial
wrist =
Carpal
palm =
Palmar
fingers =
Digital
pelvis =
Pelvic
abdomen =
Abdominal
navel =
Umbilical
groin =
Inguinal
genital =
Pubic
hip =
Coxal
thigh =
Femoral
kneecap =
Patellar
leg =
Crural
ankle =
Talus
top of foot =
Dorsum
toes =
Digital
hand =
Manual
foot =
Pedal
thorax =
Thoracic
base of skull =
Occipital
back of neck =
Nuchal
skull =
Cranial
shoulder blade =
Scapular
point of shoulder =
Acromial
spinal column =
Vertebral
point of elbow =
Olecranon
lion =
Lumbar
between hips =
Sacral
buttock =
Gluteal
perineum =
Perineal
back of hand =
Dorsum
hollow behind knees =
Popliteal
calf =
Sural
sole =
Plantar
heel =
Calcaneal
The 2 types of internal cavities in the body are:
- Dorsal body cavity
2. Ventral body cavity
The 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity are:
- Cranial cavity
2. Vertebral canal
The ventral body cavity is subdivided into these cavities:
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called ____
Serous membranes
The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called the ____
Parietal serous membrane
The layer covering the internal organs is the ____
Visceral serous membrane
This cavity contains the heart and is housed in the mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
In the pericardial cavity, the parietal serous membrane is called ___
Parietal pericardium
In the pericardial cavity, the visceral serous membrane is called ___
Visceral pericardium
In the pericardial cavity, the space between two pericardial membranes is called the ____ and is filled with ____
Pericardial cavity, pericardial fluid
This thoracic cavity houses a lung
Pleural cavity
In pleural cavities, the parietal serous membrane lining the pleural cavities is called ___
Parietal pleura
In pleural cavities, the visceral serous membrane covering the lungs is called the ___
Visceral pleura
In pleural cavities, the space between two pleural membranes is called the ____ and is filled with ____
Pleural cavity, Pleural fluid
This cavity covers the abdominopelvic and houses many organs, such as the liver, the digestive organs, and reproductive organs
Peritoneal cavity
In the peritoneal cavity, the parietal serous membrane is called the ___
Parietal peritoneum
In the peritoneal cavity, the visceral serous membrane is called ___
Visceral peritoneum
In the peritoneal cavity, the space between two serous membranes is the specific location of the peritoneal and is filled with ____
Peritoneal fluid
Organs tightly adhered to the posterior body wall have a ____ location
ex. kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, a large portion of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, urinary bladder
Retroperitoneal
___ is the inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
___ is the inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
___ is the inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
