CHAPTER 2: CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES Flashcards
Anything that occupies space (has volume) and has mass (how many atoms it has; weight) is called
Matter
The small units that make up matter.
Atoms
Atoms with unique physical and chemical properties is called:
Elements
Molecules composed of two or more different atoms is called:
Compound
There are:
- found in the nucleus of atoms
- have a positive charge
- has a mass of 1 amu
- their number is the atomic number of that element
- they are NOT donated, accepted, or shared when chemical bonds are made
These are called:
Protons
These are:
- found in the nucleus of the atom
- has no charge
- has mass of 1 amu
- their number plus the number of protons equals the atomic mass (weight) of the element
- they are NOT donated, accepted, or shared when chemical bonds are formed
These are called:
Neutrons
These are:
- found orbiting the nucleus of atoms in specific levels that only hold a certain amount before it is filled.
- has a negative charge
- has a mass of 1/1840th amu
- in electrically neutral atoms their number is equal to the number of protons
- atoms DO donate, accept, or share electrons when forming chemical bonds.
These are called:
Electrons
Elements with the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different atomic mass (different number of neutrons) is called:
Isotope
A type of chemical bond that occurs between a metal that donates one or more electrons to a non- metal is called
Ionic bonds
The separation of a compound into positive and negative ions in solution is called
Dissociate
Electrically charged atoms (molecules) that either gained one or more electrons and have anions or have lost one or more electrons and have a cation is called
Examples: salts, acids, bases,buffers
Ions
A type of chemical bond that forms between elements (non-metals) whose outermost electron shell (valence) is half or more filled is called
Covalent bond
This:
- occurs between polar molecules because of an unequal sharing of electrons polar molecules form.
- molecular bond
- can be broken by temperature, PH, or salt concentration.
- gives strength and shape to organic macromolecules
- gives unique properties of water that make it necessary for life
- are polar molecules
This is called:
Hydrogen bonds
A molecule that has a weak negative charge on one side and a weak positive electrical charge on the other side is called:
Polar molecule
negative ions
anion
positive ions
cation
The making or breaking of chemical bonds is called
Chemical reactions
Occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger, more energy- rich molecules is called
anabolism
Chemical reactions in which chemical bonds are made are called
Synthesis reactions
Energy is directed inward as the bond is made is called
endergonic
A chemical reaction that releases energy is called
exergonic
These are:
- large, complex, more energy rich molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler, less energy rich products
- chemical bonds are broken
- energy is liberated
- also called decomposition reactions
- exergonic
This is called
Catabolism
This is: 1. smaller, simple molecules 2. not made up of subunit molecules 3. does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds Examples: water, acids, bases, buffers
This is called
Inorganic compounds
- makes up about 65-75% of the average cell
- has unique structural & chemical properties that makes it necessary for life
- a polar molecule that allows water to form hydrogen bonds
- has a high boiling point (100 C)
- is an excellent dissolving medium (solvent)
- is a reactant or product in many chemical reactions.
- an excellent temperature buffer
These are all characteristics of:
Water
- dissociates into hydrogen cations, but not hydrogen anions
- a proton donator
- has a pH less than 7
This is called
Acids
- Dissociates into hydroxide anions and any other cation except H-
- A proton acceptor
- Has a pH greater than 7
This is called
Base
A substance that dissociates in water into cations and anions neither of which is H+ or OH- is called
Salt
Substances in a solution that prevent sudden drastic changes in pH and which maintains a specific pH is called
Buffer
These are:
- Large, complex molecules
- Made up of smaller, simpler, subunit building block molecules
- Covalently bonded
- Always contains carbon-hydrogen bonds
- Has functional groups that determines their properties
These are called:
Organic compounds
Specific groups of atoms that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions and are responsible for most of the characteristics chemical properties and many of the physical properties of a particular organic compound are called:
Functional groups
- Functions: energy source, structure
- Examples: sugars, starch, peptidoglycan, chitin, cellulose
- Subunits are monosaccharides, simple sugars such as glucose
- C:H:O in a 2:1 ration of C:H
These are called:
Lipids
- Contains C, H, O, N and some have S
- Subunits are amino acids held by peptide bonds
- Functions: catalyst, structure, transportation, movement, inhibits microorganisms, immunity, regulation of metabolism, poisons
- examples: enzymes, transporter proteins, bacteriocins, contractile proteins, hormones, antibodies, cell membrane proteins, structural proteins, hormones, toxins
These are characteristics of:
Proteins
The unique sequence in which amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain; the sequence is genetically determined. This is called a:
Primary structure
The localized, repetitious twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain into a helix or a pleated sheet. This is called
Secondary structure
The overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain is called
tertiary structure
An aggregation of two or more individual polypeptide chains that operate as a single functional unit is called
Quaternary structure
The loss of a proteins functional shape due to the breaking of the weak hydrogen bonds that kept it in that shape by physical means is called
Denaturation
These are:
- subunits are nucleotides
- examples: DNA, RNA, ATP
- ATP is the principle energy-carrying molecule of all cells
These are called:
Nucleic Acids
