Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROBIOLOGY > CHAPTER 2: CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Anything that occupies space (has volume) and has mass (how many atoms it has; weight) is called

A

Matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

The small units that make up matter.

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atoms with unique physical and chemical properties is called:

A

Elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Molecules composed of two or more different atoms is called:

A

Compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are:

  1. found in the nucleus of atoms
  2. have a positive charge
  3. has a mass of 1 amu
  4. their number is the atomic number of that element
  5. they are NOT donated, accepted, or shared when chemical bonds are made

These are called:

A

Protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

These are:

  1. found in the nucleus of the atom
  2. has no charge
  3. has mass of 1 amu
  4. their number plus the number of protons equals the atomic mass (weight) of the element
  5. they are NOT donated, accepted, or shared when chemical bonds are formed

These are called:

A

Neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

These are:

  1. found orbiting the nucleus of atoms in specific levels that only hold a certain amount before it is filled.
  2. has a negative charge
  3. has a mass of 1/1840th amu
  4. in electrically neutral atoms their number is equal to the number of protons
  5. atoms DO donate, accept, or share electrons when forming chemical bonds.

These are called:

A

Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elements with the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different atomic mass (different number of neutrons) is called:

A

Isotope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A type of chemical bond that occurs between a metal that donates one or more electrons to a non- metal is called

A

Ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The separation of a compound into positive and negative ions in solution is called

A

Dissociate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Electrically charged atoms (molecules) that either gained one or more electrons and have anions or have lost one or more electrons and have a cation is called

Examples: salts, acids, bases,buffers

A

Ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A type of chemical bond that forms between elements (non-metals) whose outermost electron shell (valence) is half or more filled is called

A

Covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This:

  1. occurs between polar molecules because of an unequal sharing of electrons polar molecules form.
  2. molecular bond
  3. can be broken by temperature, PH, or salt concentration.
  4. gives strength and shape to organic macromolecules
  5. gives unique properties of water that make it necessary for life
  6. are polar molecules

This is called:

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A molecule that has a weak negative charge on one side and a weak positive electrical charge on the other side is called:

A

Polar molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

negative ions

A

anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

positive ions

A

cation

16
Q

The making or breaking of chemical bonds is called

A

Chemical reactions

17
Q

Occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger, more energy- rich molecules is called

A

anabolism

18
Q

Chemical reactions in which chemical bonds are made are called

A

Synthesis reactions

19
Q

Energy is directed inward as the bond is made is called

A

endergonic

20
Q

A chemical reaction that releases energy is called

A

exergonic

21
Q

These are:

  1. large, complex, more energy rich molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler, less energy rich products
  2. chemical bonds are broken
  3. energy is liberated
  4. also called decomposition reactions
  5. exergonic

This is called

A

Catabolism

22
Q 
This is: 
1. smaller, simple molecules
2. not made up of subunit molecules
3. does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds
Examples: water, acids, bases, buffers

This is called

A

Inorganic compounds

23
Q
  1. makes up about 65-75% of the average cell
  2. has unique structural & chemical properties that makes it necessary for life
  3. a polar molecule that allows water to form hydrogen bonds
  4. has a high boiling point (100 C)
  5. is an excellent dissolving medium (solvent)
  6. is a reactant or product in many chemical reactions.
  7. an excellent temperature buffer

These are all characteristics of:

A

Water

24
Q
  1. dissociates into hydrogen cations, but not hydrogen anions
  2. a proton donator
  3. has a pH less than 7

This is called

A

Acids

25
Q
  1. Dissociates into hydroxide anions and any other cation except H-
  2. A proton acceptor
  3. Has a pH greater than 7

This is called

A

Base

26
Q

A substance that dissociates in water into cations and anions neither of which is H+ or OH- is called

A

Salt

27
Q

Substances in a solution that prevent sudden drastic changes in pH and which maintains a specific pH is called

A

Buffer

28
Q

These are:

  1. Large, complex molecules
  2. Made up of smaller, simpler, subunit building block molecules
  3. Covalently bonded
  4. Always contains carbon-hydrogen bonds
  5. Has functional groups that determines their properties

These are called:

A

Organic compounds

29
Q

Specific groups of atoms that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions and are responsible for most of the characteristics chemical properties and many of the physical properties of a particular organic compound are called:

A

Functional groups

30
Q
  1. Functions: energy source, structure
  2. Examples: sugars, starch, peptidoglycan, chitin, cellulose
  3. Subunits are monosaccharides, simple sugars such as glucose
  4. C:H:O in a 2:1 ration of C:H

These are called:

A

Lipids

31
Q
  1. Contains C, H, O, N and some have S
  2. Subunits are amino acids held by peptide bonds
  3. Functions: catalyst, structure, transportation, movement, inhibits microorganisms, immunity, regulation of metabolism, poisons
  4. examples: enzymes, transporter proteins, bacteriocins, contractile proteins, hormones, antibodies, cell membrane proteins, structural proteins, hormones, toxins

These are characteristics of:

A

Proteins

32
Q

The unique sequence in which amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain; the sequence is genetically determined. This is called a:

A

Primary structure

33
Q

The localized, repetitious twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain into a helix or a pleated sheet. This is called

A

Secondary structure

34
Q

The overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain is called

A

tertiary structure

35
Q

An aggregation of two or more individual polypeptide chains that operate as a single functional unit is called

A

Quaternary structure

36
Q

The loss of a proteins functional shape due to the breaking of the weak hydrogen bonds that kept it in that shape by physical means is called

A

Denaturation

37
Q

These are:

  1. subunits are nucleotides
  2. examples: DNA, RNA, ATP
  3. ATP is the principle energy-carrying molecule of all cells

These are called:

A

Nucleic Acids

MICROBIOLOGY (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions