CHAPTER 1

Question 0

Define microorganisms (germs, microbes)

Answer 0

living organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye (without magnification)

Question 1

What is Microbiology?

Answer 1

the scientific study of microorganisms too small to be seen without magnification

Question 2

What is the definition of a pathogen?

Answer 2

a microorganism capable of producing a disease; represents about 10% of bacteria

Question 3

those necessary and beneficial microorganisms normally found in and on the human body, and which under normal conditions will not cause infections and disease are:

Answer 3

Normal microbiota

Question 4

A state away from health (disease) caused by microorganisms is called:

Answer 4

infectious disease

Question 5

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

What two terms define an opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 5

A normal microbiota which now can cause infections and disease if they are introduced into areas of the body where they aren’t normally found or a weakened or compromised immune system exists.

immunocompromised-having an immune system that is capable of a normal, full reaction to pathogenic organisms and tissue damage.

compromised host- a person who lacks resistance to infection owing to a deficiency in any of the host defenses.

Question 6

Microorganisms are all important for the following reasons:

Answer 6

1. food spoilage
2. food chains in oceans, lakes and rivers
3. soil microbes that break down wastes (decomposers)
4. recycling chemical elements between the soil, water, life and air
5. certain microbes play important roles in photosynthesis
6. used in synthesis of chemical products such as: vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, drugs
7. food industries
8. genetic recombination
9. antibiotics
10. bioremediation

Question 7

A food-and-oxygen generating process that is critical to life on Earth is called:

Answer 7

photosynthesis

Question 8

These are relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms, they are prokaryotes, they generally appear in 3 basic shapes (rod like, coccus-round, spiral-corkscrew or curved). They have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, reproduce by binary fission and are the most numerous living organisms found in just about everywhere. These are called:

Answer 8

Bacteria

Question 9

The asexual reproduction by dividing into two genetically identical cells is called:

Answer 9

Binary fission

Question 10

Bacteria have cell walls of a unique complex carbohydrate and protein called:

Answer 10

peptidoglycan

Question 11

These are prokaryotic cells, have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments of heat, salt concentrations or produce methane, and are ancient life forms. Thee are called:

Answer 11

Archaea

Question 12

These are eukaryotes, are unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (mold, mildew mushrooms), have cell walls of the simple carbohydrate chitin, and are decomposers that obtain nourishment by absorbing organic material from their environment. These are called:

Answer 12

Fungi

Question 13

These are unicellular eukaryotes, are motile (move by cilia, pseudopods, or flagella), ingests organic compounds and have internal digestion, do not have cell walls, non-photosynthetic, and can be free living or parasites. Examples: amoeba, paramecium. These are called:

Answer 13

Protozoa

Question 14

These are photosynthetic eukaryotes, have cell walls of the simple carbohydrate cellulose, are both unicellular or multicellular, and are abundant in fresh water, salt water and soil. These are called:

Answer 14

Algae

Question 15

These are eukaryotes, during a certain stage in their life cycle are microscopic. Examples: tapeworm, hook worm, liver fluke, ascaris. This is called:

Answer 15

Multicellular animal parasite

Question 16

These are too small to be seen with a light microscope, are acellular (not living cells), are parasites of other forms of life, have a particle with a protein coat (capsid) and a nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA) and are obligate intracellular parasites. These are called:

Answer 16

Viruses

Question 17

The idea that life could arise from non-living material is called:

Answer 17

spontaneous generation

Question 18

Discovered by Rudolf Virchow 1858 is the theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Francesco Redi (1668), Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765), Louis Pasteur (1861) = AGAINST THEORY
John Needham (1745) = FOR THEORY

This theory is called:

Answer 18

Biogenesis

Question 19

Louis Pasteur was the first to come up with techniques used to minimize contamination; procedures and techniques designed to kill or remove microorganisms and prevent them from returning, this preventing contamination and infection. This is called:

Answer 19

Aseptic technique

Question 20

A biological process in which certain microorganisms can convert sugars into alcohol, or other products (anaerobically, without oxygen) is called:

Answer 20

Fermentation

Question 21

A brief, mild heating of a liquid (milk, wine, beer, cider) enough to kill spoilage or pathogenic microorganisms without destroying the flavor or quality of the liquid is called:

Answer 21

Pasteurization

Question 22

A scientific fact that microorganisms that can and do cause disease (infectious disease) is called:

Answer 22

Germ Theory

Question 23

A series of experimental steps that links a suspected microorganism to a specific disease is called:

Answer 23

Koch’s postulates

Question 24

The invisible, non-living particles that can carry and transmit disease (either from person to person, from the air to a person or from an object to a person) is called:

Answer 24

Contagion

Question 25

The idea that noxious bad air or vapors touched off outbreaks of diseases is called:

Answer 25

Miasma theory

Question 26

A preparation of killed, inactivated or attenuated microorganisms or toxoids to induce artificially acquired active immunity is called:

Answer 26

Vaccine

Question 27

A protection from diseases; provided by vaccination or recovery from the disease is called:

Answer 27

Immunity

Question 28

The treatment of diseases with chemical substances is called:

Answer 28

Chemotherapy

Question 29

Chemicals that produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against other microorganisms is called:

Answer 29

Antibiotics

Question 30

Man-made, manufactured chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory are called:

Answer 30

Synthetic drugs

Question 31

The invasion and colonization of the body by disease-causing microorganisms is called:

Answer 31

Infection

Question 32

Any state away from health (homeostasis imbalance) is called:

Answer 32

Disease