Chapter 2: Chemical Principals

Question 1

Q: What is the structure, monomer, polymer (if any), and function of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

A: Structure: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (ratio 1:2:1); Monomer: Monosaccharides; Polymer: Polysaccharides; Function: Energy source and structural support.

Question 2

Q: What is the structure, monomer, and function of lipids?

Answer 2

A: Structure: Glycerol and fatty acids; Monomer: None (not true polymers); Function: Energy storage, membrane structure, insulation.

Question 3

Q: What is the structure, monomer, polymer, and function of proteins?

Answer 3

A: Structure: Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; Monomer: Amino acids; Polymer: Polypeptides; Function: Enzymes, transport, structure, signaling.

Question 4

Q: What is the structure, monomer, polymer, and function of nucleic acids?

Answer 4

A: Structure: Sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases; Monomer: Nucleotides; Polymer: DNA and RNA; Function: Genetic information storage and transfer.

Question 5

Q: What is the structure and function of ATP?

Answer 5

A: Structure: Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; Function: Main energy currency in cells.

Question 6

Q: What are the levels of protein structure?

Answer 6

A:
* Primary: Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
* Secondary: Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonding.
* Tertiary: 3D folding due to interactions among R groups.
* Quaternary: Multiple polypeptides forming a functional protein.

Question 7

Q: Describe DNA structure.

Answer 7

A: DNA is a double helix with complementary strands joined by hydrogen bonds: A pairs with T, C pairs with G.