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BIO 1200 & 1210 A&P > Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of structure of matter

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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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3
Q

Mass

A

The amount of material in matter

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4
Q

Protons

A

Positive electrical charge

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5
Q

Neutrons

A

Electrically neutral, which means that they are uncharged

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6
Q

Electrons

A

Much smaller and about 1/1800th the mass of either protons or neutrons; they bear a negative electrical charge

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7
Q

Nucleus of an atom

A

Contains one or more protons and it may contain neutrons

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8
Q

Mass of an atom

A

number of protons plus number of neutrons

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9
Q

Electron cloud

A

Electrons whirl around the nucleus; are attracted to positively charged protons in nucleus

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10
Q

Electron shell

A

Two-dimensional representation of the electron cloud; outermost shell represents the surface of the electron cloud

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of a single element but with different numbers of neutrons; distinguishable based on mass

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12
Q

Principal elements

A

Thirteen most abundant elements to total body weight

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13
Q

Trace elements

A

Fourteen other elements in the body in very small amounts

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14
Q

Oxygen

A

A component of water and other compounds; gaseous for respiration

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15
Q

Carbon

A

Found in all organic molecules

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16
Q

Nitrogen

A

Found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds

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17
Q

Calcium

A

Found in bones and teeth; important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

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18
Q

Phosphorous

A

Found in bones and teeth; nucleic acids and high-energy compounds

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19
Q

Potassium

A

Important for proper membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

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20
Q

Sodium

A

Important for blood volume, membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

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21
Q

Chlorine

A

Important for blood volume, membrane function and water absorption

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22
Q

Magnesium

A

A cofactor for many enzymes

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23
Q

Sulfur

A

Found in many proteins

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24
Q

Iron

A

Essential for oxygen transport and energy capture

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25
Q

Iodine

A

A component of hormones of the thyroid gland

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26
Q

Ions

A

an atom that gave up or gained an electron

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27
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms share electrons

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28
Q

Compounds

A

A substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

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29
Q

Cation

A

Loss of electron, giving atom a positive charge

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30
Q

Anion

A

Gain of electron, giving atom a negative charge

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31
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Created by electrical between cations and anions; involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another to achieve stability

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32
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

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33
Q

Single covalent bond

A

One electron contributed by each atom

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34
Q

Double covalent bond

A

Two electrons contributed by each atom

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35
Q

Nonpolar molecule

A

Electrons shared equally between atoms; no electrical charge on the molecule

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36
Q

Polar molecule

A

Unequal sharing of electron between atoms

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37
Q

Solid

A

Particles held tightly together; maintain their volume and shape at ordinary temperatures and pressures

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38
Q

Liquid

A

Particles held less tightly together; has a constant volume; container determines shape

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39
Q

Gas

A

Particles independent of each other; has neither a constant volume nor a fixed shape; can be compressed or expanded; will fill a container of any size

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40
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction of the small polar charges on hydrogen atoms to negative charges on other polar molecules; can change shape of molecules or pull molecules together; produces surface tension

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41
Q

Surface tension

A

Slows the rate of evaporation at water surface

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42
Q

Metabolism

A

All the cellular reactions of the body at a given moment

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43
Q

Work

A

Movement of an object or change in physical structure of matter

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44
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to perform work

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45
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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46
Q

potential energy

A

Stored energy (potential to do work)

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47
Q

Chemical notation

A

a simple “chemical shorthand” to describe chemical structures and events

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48
Q

Reactants

A

Participants at reaction start

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49
Q

Products

A

Generated at end of reaction

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50
Q

Decomposition

A

Breaks molecule into smaller components

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51
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Decomposition using the insertion of water

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52
Q

Catabolism

A

Collective decomposition reactions of the body; releases kinetic energy

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53
Q

Synthesis

A

Combining of atoms or smaller molecules into larger molcules

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54
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Removal of water to form a larger molecule

55
Q

Anabolism

A

Collective synthesis of new molecules in the body; requires energy

56
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Reactants are “shuffled” to produce new products

57
Q

Equilibrium

A

Rates at which the two reactions occur are in balance

58
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy to start a reaction

59
Q

Enzymes

A

Special proteins that lower the activation energy for a reaction

60
Q

Catalysts

A

Compounds that accelerate reactions without changing themselves; reactions continue until equilibrium is reached

61
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of reactions (each involving and enzyme) that support life

62
Q

Exergonic

A

Release energy; common in the body and help to maintain body temperature

63
Q

Endergonic

A

Absorb energy

64
Q

Metabolites

A

All molecules that can be synthesized or decomposed in our bodies; processed by enzymatic reactions

65
Q

Nutrients

A

Essential metabolites normally obtained from our diet

66
Q

Organic nutrients

A

Always contain carbon and hydrogen

67
Q

Inorganic nutrients

A

Generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen

68
Q

Water

A

Most important constituent of the body; accounts for up to 2/3 of total body weight; changes in body water content can affect all systems

69
Q

Hydration sphere

A

Sheath of water molecules around an ion

70
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ions in solution that conduct electric current; movement of ions across the plasma membrane of cells is important in many body cells; ion concentrations in bodily fluids is carefully regulated

71
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar covalent bonds

72
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Non-polar covalent bonds

73
Q

Colloid

A

Large molecules that stay in solution

74
Q

Suspension

A

Larger molecules that may settle out of solution due to gravity

75
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

Hydrogen atom that has lost electron; extremely reactive in solution; concentration in body regulated precisely

76
Q

Hydroxide ion

A

Produce when water decomposes

77
Q

Blood pH

A

Normally ranges from 7.35-7.45

78
Q

Acidosis

A

Below 7.35

79
Q

Alkalosis

A

above 7.45

80
Q

Acid

A

Solute that dissociates and releases hydrogen ions; often referred to as proton donors; strong acids dissociate completely

81
Q

Base

A

Solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution; proton acceptor; strong bases dissociate completely

82
Q

Buffers

A

Compounds that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions; help to maintain normal pH of body fluids

83
Q

Buffer systems

A

Usually involve a weak acid and its related salt

84
Q

Organic compounds

A

Always contain carbon and hydrogen and generally oxygen; many are long chains of carbon linked with covalent bonds; many are soluble in water

85
Q

Functional group

A

Attached groupings of atoms that occur commonly in many organic molecules; influence the properties of the overall molecule

86
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and carbon in ration near 1:2:1

87
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar; contains 3-7 carbon atoms

88
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures; can be important in molecular function

89
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined; dehydration synthesis creates disaccharides; hydrolysis breaks them down to monosaccharides

90
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many disaccharides and/or monosaccharides connected together

91
Q

Lipids

A

Carbon to hydrogen ratio is near 1:2; much less oxygen compared to carbohydrates with similar number of carbon atoms; most are insoluble in water; essential components of all cells; provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates

92
Q

Fatty acids

A

The building blocks of lipids, which includes a tail and head composed of a carboxylic acid group; energy sources

93
Q

Glycerides

A

Fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule; energy sources, energy storage, insulation, and physical protection

94
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Derived from arachidonic acid; chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities

95
Q

Steroids

A

Large molecules with four carbon rings; differ in attached functional groups; structural components of cell membranes, hormones, digestive secretions in bile

96
Q

Phospholipids, glycolipids

A

Structurally related; can be synthesized by cells primarily from fatty acids; structural components of cell membranes

97
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Each carbon has four attached hydrogens

98
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Contains double bonds; one double bond = monounsaturated; >1 double bond = polyunsaturated; has fewer attached hydrogens; changes metabolism of the molecule

99
Q

Monoglyceride

A

glycerol + one fatty acid

100
Q

Diglyceride

A

glycerol + two fatty acids

101
Q

Triglyceride

A

glycerol + three fatty acids

102
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Produced by cells in response to injury

103
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities

104
Q

Cholesterol

A

Functions to maintain plasma membranes, growth, and division

105
Q

Hormones

A

Regulation of sexual and other metabolic functions

106
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phosphate linking a diglyceride to a non-lipid group

107
Q

Glycolipid

A

Carbohydrate attached to a diglyceride

108
Q

Proteins

A

Most abundant organic molecule in the body; in many ways, are most important; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, possible sulfur and phosphorus as well; consist of long chains of amino acids; 20 amino acids in the body; Typical protein contains 1000 amino acids

109
Q

Amino acids

A

All have the same structural components: central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group (variable side chain)

110
Q

Peptides

A

Amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis; covalent bond connects the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid to the amino group of another; peptides of over 100 amino acids are called proteins

111
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids linked together

112
Q

Polypeptides

A

Three or more amino acids linked together

113
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids

114
Q

Secondary structure

A

Molecule shape changes due to bonds at different parts of the polypeptide chain

115
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Coiling and folding giving the protein a final 3D shape; from interactions of the protein and surrounding water molecules and interactions between R groups (variable side chain groups)

116
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Interaction between multiple polypeptide chains to forma protein complex

117
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Binds oxygen in red blood cells

118
Q

Keratin and collagen

A

Fibrous proteins that give strength to tissues

119
Q

Denaturation

A

Protein shape and function deteriorate; occurs under extreme conditions: temperature, pH, heavy metals; Irreparable damage can occur to tissues and organs

120
Q

Substrates

A

Reactants in enzymatic reactions; must bind to a specific region of an enzyme

121
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

Once binding to enzyme occurs

122
Q

Saturation limit

A

Substrate concentration required to have maximum rate of concentration

123
Q

High-energy bonds

A

Donate energy to chemical reactions to form products; contain high-energy bonds (covalent), release energy when broken

124
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Most common high-energy compound; provides energy for many vital body functions; adenosine, ribose sugar, three phosphate

125
Q

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

Adenosine, ribose sugar, one phosphate

126
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

Adenosine, ribose sugar, two phosphate

127
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Large organic molecules; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; primary function is storage and transfer of information, particularly synthesis of proteins; Consists of two long chains formed from dehydration synthesis of subunits (nucleotides)

128
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

129
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

130
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

Two complementary nucleotide chains are linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs; the two strands of DNA twist around one another in a double helix that resembles a spiral staircase

131
Q

RNA

A

Single chain of nucleotides

132
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Transcribed from DNA and carries message from nucleus to cytoplasm

133
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Translates mRNA message to amino acid sequence during protein synthesis

134
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Guides protein synthesis

BIO 1200 & 1210 A&P (6 decks)

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