Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
1
Q
Chemistry
A
The study of structure of matter
2
Q
Matter
A
Anything that takes up space and has mass
3
Q
Mass
A
The amount of material in matter
4
Q
Protons
A
Positive electrical charge
5
Q
Neutrons
A
Electrically neutral, which means that they are uncharged
6
Q
Electrons
A
Much smaller and about 1/1800th the mass of either protons or neutrons; they bear a negative electrical charge
7
Q
Nucleus of an atom
A
Contains one or more protons and it may contain neutrons
8
Q
Mass of an atom
A
number of protons plus number of neutrons
9
Q
Electron cloud
A
Electrons whirl around the nucleus; are attracted to positively charged protons in nucleus
10
Q
Electron shell
A
Two-dimensional representation of the electron cloud; outermost shell represents the surface of the electron cloud
11
Q
Isotopes
A
Atoms of a single element but with different numbers of neutrons; distinguishable based on mass
12
Q
Principal elements
A
Thirteen most abundant elements to total body weight
13
Q
Trace elements
A
Fourteen other elements in the body in very small amounts
14
Q
Oxygen
A
A component of water and other compounds; gaseous for respiration
15
Q
Carbon
A
Found in all organic molecules
16
Q
Nitrogen
A
Found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds
17
Q
Calcium
A
Found in bones and teeth; important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting
18
Q
Phosphorous
A
Found in bones and teeth; nucleic acids and high-energy compounds
19
Q
Potassium
A
Important for proper membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
20
Q
Sodium
A
Important for blood volume, membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
21
Q
Chlorine
A
Important for blood volume, membrane function and water absorption
22
Q
Magnesium
A
A cofactor for many enzymes
23
Q
Sulfur
A
Found in many proteins
24
Q
Iron
A
Essential for oxygen transport and energy capture
25
Iodine
A component of hormones of the thyroid gland
26
Ions
an atom that gave up or gained an electron
27
Molecule
Two or more atoms share electrons
28
Compounds
A substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements
29
Cation
Loss of electron, giving atom a positive charge
30
Anion
Gain of electron, giving atom a negative charge
31
Ionic bonds
Created by electrical between cations and anions; involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another to achieve stability
32
Covalent bonds
Sharing of electrons between atoms
33
Single covalent bond
One electron contributed by each atom
34
Double covalent bond
Two electrons contributed by each atom
35
Nonpolar molecule
Electrons shared equally between atoms; no electrical charge on the molecule
36
Polar molecule
Unequal sharing of electron between atoms
37
Solid
Particles held tightly together; maintain their volume and shape at ordinary temperatures and pressures
38
Liquid
Particles held less tightly together; has a constant volume; container determines shape
39
Gas
Particles independent of each other; has neither a constant volume nor a fixed shape; can be compressed or expanded; will fill a container of any size
40
Hydrogen bond
Attraction of the small polar charges on hydrogen atoms to negative charges on other polar molecules; can change shape of molecules or pull molecules together; produces surface tension
41
Surface tension
Slows the rate of evaporation at water surface
42
Metabolism
All the cellular reactions of the body at a given moment
43
Work
Movement of an object or change in physical structure of matter
44
Energy
Capacity to perform work
45
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
46
potential energy
Stored energy (potential to do work)
47
Chemical notation
a simple "chemical shorthand" to describe chemical structures and events
48
Reactants
Participants at reaction start
49
Products
Generated at end of reaction
50
Decomposition
Breaks molecule into smaller components
51
Hydrolysis
Decomposition using the insertion of water
52
Catabolism
Collective decomposition reactions of the body; releases kinetic energy
53
Synthesis
Combining of atoms or smaller molecules into larger molcules
54
Dehydration synthesis
Removal of water to form a larger molecule
55
Anabolism
Collective synthesis of new molecules in the body; requires energy
56
Exchange reactions
Reactants are "shuffled" to produce new products
57
Equilibrium
Rates at which the two reactions occur are in balance
58
Activation energy
Amount of energy to start a reaction
59
Enzymes
Special proteins that lower the activation energy for a reaction
60
Catalysts
Compounds that accelerate reactions without changing themselves; reactions continue until equilibrium is reached
61
Metabolic pathway
Series of reactions (each involving and enzyme) that support life
62
Exergonic
Release energy; common in the body and help to maintain body temperature
63
Endergonic
Absorb energy
64
Metabolites
All molecules that can be synthesized or decomposed in our bodies; processed by enzymatic reactions
65
Nutrients
Essential metabolites normally obtained from our diet
66
Organic nutrients
Always contain carbon and hydrogen
67
Inorganic nutrients
Generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen
68
Water
Most important constituent of the body; accounts for up to 2/3 of total body weight; changes in body water content can affect all systems
69
Hydration sphere
Sheath of water molecules around an ion
70
Electrolytes
Ions in solution that conduct electric current; movement of ions across the plasma membrane of cells is important in many body cells; ion concentrations in bodily fluids is carefully regulated
71
Hydrophilic
Polar covalent bonds
72
Hydrophobic
Non-polar covalent bonds
73
Colloid
Large molecules that stay in solution
74
Suspension
Larger molecules that may settle out of solution due to gravity
75
Hydrogen ion
Hydrogen atom that has lost electron; extremely reactive in solution; concentration in body regulated precisely
76
Hydroxide ion
Produce when water decomposes
77
Blood pH
Normally ranges from 7.35-7.45
78
Acidosis
Below 7.35
79
Alkalosis
above 7.45
80
Acid
Solute that dissociates and releases hydrogen ions; often referred to as proton donors; strong acids dissociate completely
81
Base
Solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution; proton acceptor; strong bases dissociate completely
82
Buffers
Compounds that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions; help to maintain normal pH of body fluids
83
Buffer systems
Usually involve a weak acid and its related salt
84
Organic compounds
Always contain carbon and hydrogen and generally oxygen; many are long chains of carbon linked with covalent bonds; many are soluble in water
85
Functional group
Attached groupings of atoms that occur commonly in many organic molecules; influence the properties of the overall molecule
86
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and carbon in ration near 1:2:1
87
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar; contains 3-7 carbon atoms
88
Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures; can be important in molecular function
89
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined; dehydration synthesis creates disaccharides; hydrolysis breaks them down to monosaccharides
90
Polysaccharides
Many disaccharides and/or monosaccharides connected together
91
Lipids
Carbon to hydrogen ratio is near 1:2; much less oxygen compared to carbohydrates with similar number of carbon atoms; most are insoluble in water; essential components of all cells; provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates
92
Fatty acids
The building blocks of lipids, which includes a tail and head composed of a carboxylic acid group; energy sources
93
Glycerides
Fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule; energy sources, energy storage, insulation, and physical protection
94
Eicosanoids
Derived from arachidonic acid; chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities
95
Steroids
Large molecules with four carbon rings; differ in attached functional groups; structural components of cell membranes, hormones, digestive secretions in bile
96
Phospholipids, glycolipids
Structurally related; can be synthesized by cells primarily from fatty acids; structural components of cell membranes
97
Saturated fatty acid
Each carbon has four attached hydrogens
98
Unsaturated fatty acid
Contains double bonds; one double bond = monounsaturated; >1 double bond = polyunsaturated; has fewer attached hydrogens; changes metabolism of the molecule
99
Monoglyceride
glycerol + one fatty acid
100
Diglyceride
glycerol + two fatty acids
101
Triglyceride
glycerol + three fatty acids
102
Leukotrienes
Produced by cells in response to injury
103
Prostaglandins
Released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities
104
Cholesterol
Functions to maintain plasma membranes, growth, and division
105
Hormones
Regulation of sexual and other metabolic functions
106
Phospholipid
Phosphate linking a diglyceride to a non-lipid group
107
Glycolipid
Carbohydrate attached to a diglyceride
108
Proteins
Most abundant organic molecule in the body; in many ways, are most important; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, possible sulfur and phosphorus as well; consist of long chains of amino acids; 20 amino acids in the body; Typical protein contains 1000 amino acids
109
Amino acids
All have the same structural components: central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group (variable side chain)
110
Peptides
Amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis; covalent bond connects the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid to the amino group of another; peptides of over 100 amino acids are called proteins
111
Dipeptide
Two amino acids linked together
112
Polypeptides
Three or more amino acids linked together
113
Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids
114
Secondary structure
Molecule shape changes due to bonds at different parts of the polypeptide chain
115
Tertiary structure
Coiling and folding giving the protein a final 3D shape; from interactions of the protein and surrounding water molecules and interactions between R groups (variable side chain groups)
116
Quaternary structure
Interaction between multiple polypeptide chains to forma protein complex
117
Hemoglobin
Binds oxygen in red blood cells
118
Keratin and collagen
Fibrous proteins that give strength to tissues
119
Denaturation
Protein shape and function deteriorate; occurs under extreme conditions: temperature, pH, heavy metals; Irreparable damage can occur to tissues and organs
120
Substrates
Reactants in enzymatic reactions; must bind to a specific region of an enzyme
121
Enzyme-substrate complex
Once binding to enzyme occurs
122
Saturation limit
Substrate concentration required to have maximum rate of concentration
123
High-energy bonds
Donate energy to chemical reactions to form products; contain high-energy bonds (covalent), release energy when broken
124
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Most common high-energy compound; provides energy for many vital body functions; adenosine, ribose sugar, three phosphate
125
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Adenosine, ribose sugar, one phosphate
126
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine, ribose sugar, two phosphate
127
Nucleic acids
Large organic molecules; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; primary function is storage and transfer of information, particularly synthesis of proteins; Consists of two long chains formed from dehydration synthesis of subunits (nucleotides)
128
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
129
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
130
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Two complementary nucleotide chains are linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs; the two strands of DNA twist around one another in a double helix that resembles a spiral staircase
131
RNA
Single chain of nucleotides
132
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcribed from DNA and carries message from nucleus to cytoplasm
133
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Translates mRNA message to amino acid sequence during protein synthesis
134
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Guides protein synthesis
