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BIO 1200 & 1210 A&P > Chapter 1: Intro to A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of body structure

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures that cannot be seen without magnification

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant and stable environment

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5
Q

Responsiveness

A

Indicates that the organism recognizes changes in its internal environment

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6
Q

Adaptability

A

Changes the organism’s behavior, capabilities, or structure

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7
Q

Growth and Reproduction

A

Indicates that the organism is successful; growth must occur before reproduction

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8
Q

Movement

A

Distributes materials throughout large organisms; changes orientation or position of a plant or immobile animal; moves mobile animals around the environment (locomotion)

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9
Q

Respiration

A

Usually refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide

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10
Q

Circulation

A

Movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and a network of special vessels

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11
Q

Digestion

A

The chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the organism

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12
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism

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13
Q

Organism

A

Whole human (highest level)

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14
Q

Organ System

A

Multiple organs interacting

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15
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissues working together

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16
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells working together

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17
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit

Depends on organelles

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18
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest stable unit of matter

form molecules

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19
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

long and slender, found in many organs

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20
Q

Red blood cells

A

flattened discs, the most abundant cells in the body, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

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21
Q

White blood cells

A

roughly spherical, responsible for fighting off infection and combating disease

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22
Q

Bone cells

A

reside within small cavities inside the mass of a bone, these cells are responsible for the maintenance of the bone and for recycling the calcium and phosphate stored there

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23
Q

Fat cells

A

roughly spherical storage containers, used whenever we take in more energy than we expend, the excess energy obtained from the food get larger and more numerous

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24
Q

Cells lining the digestive tract

A

relatively delicate, the nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water we need are absorbed by these cells

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25
Reproductive cells (sex cells)
Women produce relatively large oocytes in very small numbers, usually at monthly intervals; males continuously produce relatively tiny sperm in enormous numbers
26
Nerve cells (neurons)
Process information; thought, memory, consciousness, and muscle control are all based on the actions of, and interactions among, neurons; there are many different types and shapes of neurons
27
Basic principles of the cell theory
Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals Cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions
28
Histology
Study of tissues
29
Epithelial tissue
Forms a barrier with specific properties; covers every exposed body surface; lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts; surrounds internal cavities; lines inner surfaces of blood vessels and heart; produces glandular secretions
30
Connective tissue
Diverse in appearance but all contain cells surrounded by extracellular matrix; matrix composed of: protein fibers, ground substance (liquid); amount of matrix varies by the particular connective tissue type; fills internal spaces; provides structural support; stores energy
31
Muscle tissue
Has the ability to contract forcefully; major functions: skeletal movement, soft tissue support, maintenance of blood flow, movement of materials internally, stabilization of body temperature
32
Skeletal muscle tissue
Usually attached to the skeleton; moves or stabilizes position of skeleton or internal organs
33
Cardiac muscle tissue
Found only in the heart; propels blood through blood vessels
34
Smooth muscle tissue
Found in blood vessel walls, within glands, along respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts
35
Neural tissue
Specialized to carry information or instructions within the body; two basic types of cells: neurons (nerve cells); two locations within the body: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (connecting CNS with other tissues and organs)
36
Integumentary system
Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control
37
Skeletal system
Support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation
38
Muscular system
Locomotion, support, heat protection
39
Nervous system
Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
40
Endocrine system
Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
41
Cardiovascular system
Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
42
Lymphatic system
Defense against infection and disease
43
Respiratory system
Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
44
Digestive system
Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water
45
Urinary system
Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
46
Reproductive system
Production of sex cells and hormones
47
Homeostatic regulation
Physiological adjustment to preserve homeostasis in variable environments
48
Receptor (sensor)
Sensitive to environmental change
49
Control center (integration center)
Processes information from the receptor and sends out commands
50
Set point (desired value)
In the control center
51
Effector
Responds to commands opposing stimulus
52
Feedback
Receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor
53
Negative feedback
Effector opposes the original stimulus; minimizes change; primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation; set point may vary with changing environments or activity levels
54
Positive feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions; typically occurs when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly
55
Anterior
The front surface
56
Ventral
The belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)
57
Posterior or Dorsal
The back surface
58
Cranial or Cephalic
The head
59
Superior
Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)
60
Caudal
The tail (coccyx in humans)
61
Inferior
Below; at a lower level
62
Medial
Toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane
63
Lateral
Away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
64
Proximal
Toward an attached base
65
Distal
Away from an attached base
66
Superficial
At, near, or relatively close to the body surface
67
Deep
Farther from the body
68
Transverse or horizontal
Section separates superior and inferior portions of the body; a cut in this plane is called a cross section
69
Sagittal
Separates right and left portions; you examine a sagittal section, but you section sagittally
70
Midsagittal or median
The plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left halves
71
Parasagittal
A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane, separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size
72
Frontal or coronal
separates anterior and posterior portions of the body
73
Body cavities
Two essential functions: | Protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts, permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs
74
Viscera
Internal organs partially or totally enclosed by body cavities; connected to rest of body
75
Ventral cavity or coelom
Thoracic cavity (everything deep to the chest wall): Pleural cavities (contain lungs), Mediastinum (contains connective tissue and pericardial cavity contain the heart); Abdominopelvic cavity (everything deep to abdominal and pelvic walls): abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity (lined with peritoneum (serous membrane))

BIO 1200 & 1210 A&P (6 decks)

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