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BIO 1200 & 1210 A&P > Chapter 1: Intro to A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to A&P Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of body structure

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures that cannot be seen without magnification

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant and stable environment

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5
Q

Responsiveness

A

Indicates that the organism recognizes changes in its internal environment

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6
Q

Adaptability

A

Changes the organism’s behavior, capabilities, or structure

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7
Q

Growth and Reproduction

A

Indicates that the organism is successful; growth must occur before reproduction

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8
Q

Movement

A

Distributes materials throughout large organisms; changes orientation or position of a plant or immobile animal; moves mobile animals around the environment (locomotion)

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9
Q

Respiration

A

Usually refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide

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10
Q

Circulation

A

Movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and a network of special vessels

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11
Q

Digestion

A

The chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the organism

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12
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism

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13
Q

Organism

A

Whole human (highest level)

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14
Q

Organ System

A

Multiple organs interacting

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15
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissues working together

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16
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells working together

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17
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit

Depends on organelles

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18
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest stable unit of matter

form molecules

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19
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

long and slender, found in many organs

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20
Q

Red blood cells

A

flattened discs, the most abundant cells in the body, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

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21
Q

White blood cells

A

roughly spherical, responsible for fighting off infection and combating disease

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22
Q

Bone cells

A

reside within small cavities inside the mass of a bone, these cells are responsible for the maintenance of the bone and for recycling the calcium and phosphate stored there

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23
Q

Fat cells

A

roughly spherical storage containers, used whenever we take in more energy than we expend, the excess energy obtained from the food get larger and more numerous

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24
Q

Cells lining the digestive tract

A

relatively delicate, the nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water we need are absorbed by these cells

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25
Q

Reproductive cells (sex cells)

A

Women produce relatively large oocytes in very small numbers, usually at monthly intervals; males continuously produce relatively tiny sperm in enormous numbers

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26
Q

Nerve cells (neurons)

A

Process information; thought, memory, consciousness, and muscle control are all based on the actions of, and interactions among, neurons; there are many different types and shapes of neurons

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27
Q

Basic principles of the cell theory

A

Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals
Cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells
Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions

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28
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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29
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Forms a barrier with specific properties; covers every exposed body surface; lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts; surrounds internal cavities; lines inner surfaces of blood vessels and heart; produces glandular secretions

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30
Q

Connective tissue

A

Diverse in appearance but all contain cells surrounded by extracellular matrix; matrix composed of: protein fibers, ground substance (liquid); amount of matrix varies by the particular connective tissue type; fills internal spaces; provides structural support; stores energy

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31
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Has the ability to contract forcefully; major functions: skeletal movement, soft tissue support, maintenance of blood flow, movement of materials internally, stabilization of body temperature

32
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Usually attached to the skeleton; moves or stabilizes position of skeleton or internal organs

33
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Found only in the heart; propels blood through blood vessels

34
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Found in blood vessel walls, within glands, along respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

35
Q

Neural tissue

A

Specialized to carry information or instructions within the body; two basic types of cells: neurons (nerve cells); two locations within the body: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (connecting CNS with other tissues and organs)

36
Q

Integumentary system

A

Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control

37
Q

Skeletal system

A

Support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation

38
Q

Muscular system

A

Locomotion, support, heat protection

39
Q

Nervous system

A

Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

40
Q

Endocrine system

A

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

41
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

42
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Defense against infection and disease

43
Q

Respiratory system

A

Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

44
Q

Digestive system

A

Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water

45
Q

Urinary system

A

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

46
Q

Reproductive system

A

Production of sex cells and hormones

47
Q

Homeostatic regulation

A

Physiological adjustment to preserve homeostasis in variable environments

48
Q

Receptor (sensor)

A

Sensitive to environmental change

49
Q

Control center (integration center)

A

Processes information from the receptor and sends out commands

50
Q

Set point (desired value)

A

In the control center

51
Q

Effector

A

Responds to commands opposing stimulus

52
Q

Feedback

A

Receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor

53
Q

Negative feedback

A

Effector opposes the original stimulus; minimizes change; primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation; set point may vary with changing environments or activity levels

54
Q

Positive feedback

A

Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions; typically occurs when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly

55
Q

Anterior

A

The front surface

56
Q

Ventral

A

The belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)

57
Q

Posterior or Dorsal

A

The back surface

58
Q

Cranial or Cephalic

A

The head

59
Q

Superior

A

Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)

60
Q

Caudal

A

The tail (coccyx in humans)

61
Q

Inferior

A

Below; at a lower level

62
Q

Medial

A

Toward the body’s longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane

63
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the body’s longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane

64
Q

Proximal

A

Toward an attached base

65
Q

Distal

A

Away from an attached base

66
Q

Superficial

A

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface

67
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the body

68
Q

Transverse or horizontal

A

Section separates superior and inferior portions of the body; a cut in this plane is called a cross section

69
Q

Sagittal

A

Separates right and left portions; you examine a sagittal section, but you section sagittally

70
Q

Midsagittal or median

A

The plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left halves

71
Q

Parasagittal

A

A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane, separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size

72
Q

Frontal or coronal

A

separates anterior and posterior portions of the body

73
Q

Body cavities

A

Two essential functions:

Protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts, permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

74
Q

Viscera

A

Internal organs partially or totally enclosed by body cavities; connected to rest of body

75
Q

Ventral cavity or coelom

A

Thoracic cavity (everything deep to the chest wall): Pleural cavities (contain lungs), Mediastinum (contains connective tissue and pericardial cavity contain the heart); Abdominopelvic cavity (everything deep to abdominal and pelvic walls): abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity (lined with peritoneum (serous membrane))

BIO 1200 & 1210 A&P (6 decks)

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