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A&P I > Chapter 2 - Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

anabole

A

a building up; anabolism

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2
Q

endo

A

inside; endergonic (a chemical reaction that requires more energy then it produces)

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3
Q

exo

A

outside; exergonic (a chemical reaction that produces energy)

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4
Q

glyco

A

sugar; glycogen

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5
Q

hydro

A

water

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6
Q

lysis

A

breakdown; hydolysis

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7
Q

katabole

A

a throwing down; catabolism

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8
Q

katalysis

A

dissolution; catalysis

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9
Q

lipos

A

fat; lipids

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10
Q

metabole

A

change; metabolism

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11
Q

sakcharon

A

sugar

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12
Q

mono

A

single; monosaccharide

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13
Q

di

A

two; disaccharide

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14
Q

poly

A

many; polysaccharide

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15
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons

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16
Q

atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

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17
Q

isotopes

A

reflect the number of neutrons

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18
Q

atomic weight

A

averages of isotope abundance

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19
Q

reactions

A

transfer of electrons (lost, gained, or shared)

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20
Q

molecules

A

chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared elections

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21
Q

compound

A

any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements

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22
Q

ionic bonds

A

atoms loose or gain electrons (cation and anions)

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23
Q

covalent bonds

A

atoms share electrons to complete outer shell

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24
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

the attraction between a slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom of one polar covalent bond and a weak negative charge on an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another polar covalent bond.

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25
Q

three types of reactions

A

Decomposition, synthesis, exchange

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26
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

breaks molecule into smaller pieces

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27
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

assembles smaller pieces into larger ones

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28
Q

Exchange reactions

A

shuffles pieces between molecules

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29
Q

Hydrolysis

A

decomposition reaction with H and OH (food digestion)

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30
Q

Catabolism

A

Sum of all the body’s decomposition reactions

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31
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Removal of H and OH between molecules

32
Q

Anabolism

A

Sum of the body’s synthesis reactions

33
Q

Activation Energy

A

the quantity of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

34
Q

Catalysts

A

reduce activation energy and accelerates the reaction

35
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze cellular reactions

36
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

release energy (i.e. decomposition reactions///exothermic)

37
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

consume energy (synthesis reactions///endothermic)

38
Q

Nutrients

A

Essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet

39
Q

Metabolites

A

Molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions insdie the body

40
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Smaller molecules such as water and oxygen that lack carbon AND hydrogen (one exception is carbon dioxide)

41
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Larger molecules such as sugars, proteins, and fats composed largely of carbon and hydrogen (always have C)

42
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

CO2 - Gas produced by animal cellular metabolism and released into the atmosphere via the lungs

43
Q

Oxygen

A

O2 - Gas consumed by animal cells in order to produce energy

44
Q

Inorganic acids, bases, and salts

A

Are held together by ionic bonds

45
Q

solvent

A

the medium into which a solute is dispersed

46
Q

Solute

A

the thing that goes into your solvent to form a solution

47
Q

List the 4 properties of Water

A

Solubility, Reactivity, High Heat Capacity, Lubrication

48
Q

Properties of Aqueous Solutions

A

Ions and polar compounds undergo ionization, or dissociation, in water
Polar water molecules form hydration spheres around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution

49
Q

Colloid

A

A solution of very large organic molecules (blood plasma)

50
Q

Suspension

A

A solution in which particles settle (whole blood)

51
Q

Concentration

A

The amount of solute in a solvent (mol/l, mg/ml)

52
Q

Acid

A

Releases hydrogen ions (H+) into solution

53
Q

Base

A

Removes hydrogen ions from solution

54
Q

pH

A

A logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

55
Q

Neutral pH

A

7 = balance of H+ and OH-

56
Q

Acidic solution

A

pH below 7 (high H+)

57
Q

Basic solution

A

pH above 7 (high OH-)

58
Q

Buffers

A 
Maintain pH (7.34 to 7.45)
Release H+ if body fluid is too basic or absorb if too acidic) Sodium bicarb
59
Q

Salt

A

an ionic compound not containing H+ or OH-; electrolytes

60
Q

Important classes of organic compounds are:

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

61
Q

Lipids

A

Water insoluble molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

62
Q

4 important clases of Lipids are:

A

Fatty aicds
Glycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids and Glycolipids

63
Q

Fatty acids

A

Carboxylic acid group dissolves in solution

Hydrocarbon tail relatively insoluble

64
Q

Glycerides

A

Three Fatty acids attach to a glycerol base to form a triglyceride
Energy, insulation, and protection

65
Q

Steroids

A 
Cholesterol (diet, liver)
Some Hormones  (sex)
66
Q

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

A

Diglycerides attached to either a phosphate group (phospholipid) or a sugar (glycolipid)
Generally, both have:
-water soluble head
-water insoluble tail

67
Q

Roles of proteins

A 
Support (structural proteins)
Movement (contractile proteins)
Transport (carrier proteins)
Buffering (regulation of pH)
Metabolic Regulation (enzymes)
Coordination and Control (hormones)
Defense (antibodies)
68
Q

Protein Structure

A 
Long chains of amino acids
Five components of amino acid structure 
1 Central carbon atom
2 Hydrogen atom
3 Amino group (—NH2)
4 Carboxyl group (—COOH)
5 Variable side chain or R group
69
Q

Protein Shape

A

Primary structure
-The sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
Secondary structure:
-Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
Tertiary structure
-Secondary structure folds into a unique shape
Quaternary structure
-Final protein shape — several tertiary structures together

70
Q

Enzyme Function

A

Substrates (reactants) bind to active site on enzyme surface
Binding lowers activation energy needed for reaction
Substrates react to form product

71
Q

Enzymes exhibit

A

1 Specificity — will only work on limited types of substrates
2 Saturation Limits — by their concentration
3 Regulation — by other cellular chemicals

72
Q

Cofactor

A

An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind

73
Q

Coenzyme

A

Nonprotein organic cofactor (vitamin)

74
Q

Isozyme

A

Two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction

75
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Store and process molecular information

76
Q

Two classes of nucleic acids

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

77
Q

Structure of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

Sugar-phosphate bonds link nucleotides in long strands

Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA strands in a double helix

A&P I (2 decks)

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