Chapter 2 - Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
1
Q
anabole
A
a building up; anabolism
2
Q
endo
A
inside; endergonic (a chemical reaction that requires more energy then it produces)
3
Q
exo
A
outside; exergonic (a chemical reaction that produces energy)
4
Q
glyco
A
sugar; glycogen
5
Q
hydro
A
water
6
Q
lysis
A
breakdown; hydolysis
7
Q
katabole
A
a throwing down; catabolism
8
Q
katalysis
A
dissolution; catalysis
9
Q
lipos
A
fat; lipids
10
Q
metabole
A
change; metabolism
11
Q
sakcharon
A
sugar
12
Q
mono
A
single; monosaccharide
13
Q
di
A
two; disaccharide
14
Q
poly
A
many; polysaccharide
15
Q
atomic number
A
the number of protons
16
Q
atomic mass
A
protons + neutrons
17
Q
isotopes
A
reflect the number of neutrons
18
Q
atomic weight
A
averages of isotope abundance
19
Q
reactions
A
transfer of electrons (lost, gained, or shared)
20
Q
molecules
A
chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared elections
21
Q
compound
A
any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements
22
Q
ionic bonds
A
atoms loose or gain electrons (cation and anions)
23
Q
covalent bonds
A
atoms share electrons to complete outer shell
24
Q
hydrogen bonds
A
the attraction between a slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom of one polar covalent bond and a weak negative charge on an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another polar covalent bond.
25
three types of reactions
Decomposition, synthesis, exchange
26
Decomposition reactions
breaks molecule into smaller pieces
27
Synthesis reactions
assembles smaller pieces into larger ones
28
Exchange reactions
shuffles pieces between molecules
29
Hydrolysis
decomposition reaction with H and OH (food digestion)
30
Catabolism
Sum of all the body's decomposition reactions
31
Dehydration synthesis
Removal of H and OH between molecules
32
Anabolism
Sum of the body's synthesis reactions
33
Activation Energy
the quantity of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
34
Catalysts
reduce activation energy and accelerates the reaction
35
Enzymes
catalyze cellular reactions
36
Exergonic reactions
release energy (i.e. decomposition reactions///exothermic)
37
Endergonic reactions
consume energy (synthesis reactions///endothermic)
38
Nutrients
Essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet
39
Metabolites
Molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions insdie the body
40
Inorganic Compounds
Smaller molecules such as water and oxygen that lack carbon AND hydrogen (one exception is carbon dioxide)
41
Organic Compounds
Larger molecules such as sugars, proteins, and fats composed largely of carbon and hydrogen (always have C)
42
Carbon Dioxide
CO2 - Gas produced by animal cellular metabolism and released into the atmosphere via the lungs
43
Oxygen
O2 - Gas consumed by animal cells in order to produce energy
44
Inorganic acids, bases, and salts
Are held together by ionic bonds
45
solvent
the medium into which a solute is dispersed
46
Solute
the thing that goes into your solvent to form a solution
47
List the 4 properties of Water
Solubility, Reactivity, High Heat Capacity, Lubrication
48
Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Ions and polar compounds undergo ionization, or dissociation, in water
Polar water molecules form hydration spheres around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution
49
Colloid
A solution of very large organic molecules (blood plasma)
50
Suspension
A solution in which particles settle (whole blood)
51
Concentration
The amount of solute in a solvent (mol/l, mg/ml)
52
Acid
Releases hydrogen ions (H+) into solution
53
Base
Removes hydrogen ions from solution
54
pH
A logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
55
Neutral pH
7 = balance of H+ and OH-
56
Acidic solution
pH below 7 (high H+)
57
Basic solution
pH above 7 (high OH-)
58
Buffers
```
Maintain pH (7.34 to 7.45)
Release H+ if body fluid is too basic or absorb if too acidic) Sodium bicarb
```
59
Salt
an ionic compound not containing H+ or OH-; electrolytes
60
Important classes of organic compounds are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
61
Lipids
Water insoluble molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
62
4 important clases of Lipids are:
Fatty aicds
Glycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids and Glycolipids
63
Fatty acids
Carboxylic acid group dissolves in solution
| Hydrocarbon tail relatively insoluble
64
Glycerides
Three Fatty acids attach to a glycerol base to form a triglyceride
Energy, insulation, and protection
65
Steroids
```
Cholesterol (diet, liver)
Some Hormones (sex)
```
66
Phospholipids and Glycolipids
Diglycerides attached to either a phosphate group (phospholipid) or a sugar (glycolipid)
Generally, both have:
-water soluble head
-water insoluble tail
67
Roles of proteins
```
Support (structural proteins)
Movement (contractile proteins)
Transport (carrier proteins)
Buffering (regulation of pH)
Metabolic Regulation (enzymes)
Coordination and Control (hormones)
Defense (antibodies)
```
68
Protein Structure
```
Long chains of amino acids
Five components of amino acid structure
1 Central carbon atom
2 Hydrogen atom
3 Amino group (—NH2)
4 Carboxyl group (—COOH)
5 Variable side chain or R group
```
69
Protein Shape
Primary structure
-The sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
Secondary structure:
-Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
Tertiary structure
-Secondary structure folds into a unique shape
Quaternary structure
-Final protein shape — several tertiary structures together
70
Enzyme Function
Substrates (reactants) bind to active site on enzyme surface
Binding lowers activation energy needed for reaction
Substrates react to form product
71
Enzymes exhibit
1 Specificity — will only work on limited types of substrates
2 Saturation Limits — by their concentration
3 Regulation — by other cellular chemicals
72
Cofactor
An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
73
Coenzyme
Nonprotein organic cofactor (vitamin)
74
Isozyme
Two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction
75
Nucleic Acids
Store and process molecular information
76
Two classes of nucleic acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
| RNA (ribonucleic acid)
77
Structure of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
Sugar-phosphate bonds link nucleotides in long strands
Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA strands in a double helix
