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Molecular Bio > Chapter 2 Chemical Components of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemical Components of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Methyl group

A

-CH3
- non polar hydrocarbon

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2
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

-OH
-alcohols

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3
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

-COOH
-weak acid

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4
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

C=O

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5
Q

Carbonyl Group Types

A
  • Ketone
    -Aldehyde
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6
Q

Ketone

A

internal carbon

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7
Q

Aldehyde

A

terminal carbon

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8
Q

Amino Group

A

-NH2
- weak base

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9
Q

Amide Group

A

O=C-NH2
- carboxyl+amine

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10
Q

Phosphate Group

A

-PO3
ester and anhydrides

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11
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

-SH
- forms disulfide bonds

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12
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

-nonpolar
- don’t form hydrogen bonds
-generally insoluble in water

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13
Q

How do amines react in water?

A

combine with H+ ion to become positively charged

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14
Q

How do amides react in water?

A

amides are uncharged in water

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15
Q

Acid Anhydride

A

phosphate+carboxyl group
- high energy bond

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16
Q

Phosphoanhydride Bond

A

-found in ATP
- high energy bond

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17
Q

Top 3 contributors to the weight of a cell

A
  1. Water
  2. Macromolecules
  3. Phospholipids
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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-monosaccharides make up polysaccharides
- general formula (CH2O)n

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19
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A
  • stores of chemical energy
  • durable biological structural materials
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20
Q

Beta-glucose structure and pattern

A

down up down up ( OH groups)

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21
Q

Alpha glucose structure and pattern

A

down up down down ( OH group)

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22
Q

condensation

A
  • water is released
  • create macromolecules
  • anabolic reaction
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23
Q

hydrolysis

A

-water is consumed
- breaks down macromolecules
- catabolic process

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24
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4 of another sugar

25
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

26
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

27
Q

Starch

A

1-4 linkage of 4 alpha glucose molecules

28
Q

Cellulose

A

1-4 linkage of 4 beta glucose molecules
- oxygens alternate up and down

29
Q

Fatty Acids and Lipids

A
  • insoluble in water
  • formed by condensation reactions
30
Q

Fatty Acid and Lipids Function

A
  • Structural: cell membranes
  • Energy Storage: triacylglycerols.
31
Q

Fatty Acids

A

long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with single carboxyl group on the end
- amphipathic
- typically an even # of carbons

32
Q

How do fatty acids act in water ?

A

either form a surface film or form a small micelle

33
Q

How are fatty acids stored as an energy reserve

A

through an ester linkage to glycerol which forms triacylglycerol (fat)

34
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

cis double bond which causes bending
- not solid at room temperature

35
Q

cis double bond

A

hydrogens are on the same side

36
Q

trans fat

A

hydrogen on opposite sides

37
Q

Effect of high trans fats

A
  • membrane becomes less fluid
  • clog arteries
38
Q

Amino Acid Example of a polar group

A

serine

39
Q

Hydrocarbon tails formula

A

-(CH2)n-CH3

40
Q

Function of Amino Acids and Proteins

A
  • Enzymatic
    -Signaling
    -Structural
41
Q

Amino Acids

A

Monomer subunit of proteins
20 amino acids

42
Q

Where does amino acid functionality come from

A

side groups
- acidic or basic
-polar or nonpolar

43
Q

MEMORIZE STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS

A

amino group + side chain+ carboxyl group

44
Q

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

A
  • DNA and RNA
  • formed by condensation reactions
45
Q

Function of Nucleotides and nucleic acids

A
  • nucleotides function as energy carriers
  • nucleotides function as signaling molecules
  • DNA and RNA function to store and transmit( express) genetic information
46
Q

Nucleotide

A

base+pentose+phosphate

47
Q

Nucleoside

A

base + pentose

48
Q

Phosphodiester linkage

A

joins nucleotides to form nucleic acids
- condensation reaction

49
Q

Structural polarity of Nucleic acids

A

5’ end - free phosphate group
3’ end - free hydroxyl group

50
Q

Watson and Crick

A

DNA is a double helix
antiparallel
10.5 bases/ turn

51
Q

A +T or U

A
  • two hydrogen bonds
  • less stable
52
Q

G + C

A
  • three hydrogen bonds
  • more stable
53
Q

Purines

A

adenine and guanine

54
Q

Pyrimadines

A

Thymine, Uracil , Cytosine

55
Q

DNA Sugar

A

2- Deoxyribose

56
Q

RNA Sugar

A

Ribose

57
Q

DNA Function

A

Genetic information storage

58
Q

RnA function

A

Genetic Expression, storage

59
Q

what specifies structure

A

non covalent bonds and intramolecular interactions

Molecular Bio (7 decks)

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