Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BISC 225 - Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological processes are based on?

A

Chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomical structures are composed of?

A

Chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anything that has weight and takes up space

A

matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All matter is composed of fundamental substances called?

A

elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many known elements are there?

A

118 as of 2011

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many elements occur naturally?

A

92

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical combinations of elements

A

compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elements required by the body in large amounts

A

bulk elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of bulk elements

A

nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Elements required only in small amounts

A

trace elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Elements required in extremely small amounts and may be toxic in larger quantities

A

ultratrace elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Trace elements are important parts of what?

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of an ultratrace element

A

arsenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Smallest units of an element which have the chemical properties of that element

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can atoms be chemically different from each other in each element?

A

weight, size, and ways they interact with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Central portion of an atom

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Particles that constantly move around the nucleus

A

electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nucleus contains?

A

neutrons and protons (roughly the same weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List the charges for protons, neutrons, and electrons

A 
P = positive
N = no charge
E = negative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cause for an atom to be electrically neutral?

A

Nucleus is always positive charged (protons) and the electrons are always negatively charged. This results in the atom have a net charge of zero.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Number of protons an atom has is called its what?

A

atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the atomic weight equal to?

A

number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Atoms that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights

A

isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Unstable isotopes are?

A

radioactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Energy or atomic fragments that unstable isotopes emit

A

atomic radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 common forms of atomic radiation

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma (similar to x-radiation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two or more atoms may combine to form this distinctive kind of particle

A

molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Shows the numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule

A

molecular formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When atoms of different elements combine, they form these molecules of substances.

A

compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bonds formed between atoms involve what?

A

electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Regions of space around the nucleus where electrons are found.

A

electron shells (aka energy shells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

First electron shell can hold a maximum of X electrons

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Second electron shell can hold a maximum of X electrons

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Third electron shell can hold a maximum of X electrons

A

8, though some complex atoms may have as many as 18 in this shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What determines whether or not an atom will react with another atom?

A

The number of electrons in the outer shell. Atoms react in such a way that the outer shell will be completely filled with electrons. (octet rule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Atoms that have filled outer shells are said to be?

A

non-reactive or inert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Examples of inert atoms

A

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged and are called?

A

ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Positively charged ions

A

cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Negatively charged ions

A

anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Bond where electrons are given/received (not shared)

A

ionic bond (electrovalent)

42
Q

Bond where electrons are shared (not taken/received)

A

covalent bond

43
Q

Covalent bond where electrons are not shared equally

A

polar covalent bond

44
Q

This occurs when an H atom shares its single electron with 2 other atoms

A

hydrogen bond

45
Q

This bond is depicted by a single line - one pair of shared electrons

A

single covalent bond

46
Q

This bond is depicted by two lines - two pairs of shared electrons

A

double covalent bond

47
Q

This bond is depicted by three lines - three pairs of shared electrons

A

triple covalent bond

48
Q

Breaks bonds or forms bonds between atoms, ions, or molecules

A

chemical reaction

49
Q

Those changed by the chemical reaction are called?

A

reactants

50
Q

Those formed at the reaction’s conclusion are called?

A

products

51
Q

Reaction where two or more reactants bond to form a more complex structure

A

synthesis reaction

52
Q

Reaction where the bonds of a reactant molecule are broken to yield simpler structures

A

decomposition reaction

53
Q

Reaction where parts of two different kinds of molecules trade places

A

exchange reaction

54
Q

True or false: many reactions are reversible

A

true; the direction of the reaction depends on the relative proportions of reactant and product as well as the amount of energy available

55
Q

Molecules that influence the rate of a reaction but not the direction

A

catalysts

56
Q

The polar nature of water causes what?

A

ionically bound salts to dissociated from one another forming ions

57
Q

Substances that release ions

A

electrolytes

58
Q

Electrolytes that release hydrogen in water

A

acids

59
Q

Electrolytes that release irons that react with H ions in water

A

bases

60
Q

Acid and bases can react to form water and electrolytes called?

A

salts

61
Q

Hydrogen ion concentration can be measured in grams of ions per liter of solution. What system was developed to keep track of this?

A

pH scale

62
Q

pH of 1 has an H+ concentration of?

A

0.1 gm/liter

63
Q

pH of 2 has an H+ concentration of?

A

0.01 gm/liter

64
Q

Equal of number of H+ and OH- when water ionizes causes the solution to be called?

A

Neutral

65
Q

Solutions w/ more H+ than OH-

A

acidic; pH values less than 7.0

66
Q

Solutions w/ a pH value above 7.0

A

bases

67
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

68
Q

What happens when the blood pH is 7.5 - 7.8?

A

alkalosis - makes one feel agitated/dizzy

69
Q

What happens when the pH is 7.0 - 7.3?

A

acidosis - makes one feel fatigued and disoriented, with breathing becoming difficult

70
Q

List the two large groups of chemicals involved in chemical reactions

A

organic (contain carbon and hydrogen atoms) and inorganic substances

71
Q

Inorganic substances usually dissolve in what?

A

Water, therefore they are electrolytes.

72
Q

List the 5 inorganic substance

A

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, other gases (NO and CO), and inorganic salts

73
Q

Use of the inorganic substance water

A
  • polar water molecules cause molecules of substances to break apart so that they are more likely to take part in metabolic reactions
  • transports materials
  • can absorb and transfer heat
74
Q

Use of the inorganic substance oxygen

A

organelles use oxygen to release energy from nutrient molecules

75
Q

Use of the inorganic substance carbon dioxide

A

waste product formed when energy is released from nutrients

76
Q

Use of NO and CO

A

NO and CO can be harmful in large amounts.

NO is used in digestion, memory, immunity, circulation, and respiration

CO is used in the spleen and in parts of the brain where it is used for memory, smell, and other vital functions

77
Q

List inorganic salts

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO42-, CO32-, HCO3-, SO42-

78
Q

Use of inorganic salts

A
  • helps maintain correct water concentration in cells
  • blood clotting
  • pH
  • bone development
  • muscle and nerve function
79
Q

What is electrolyte balance?

A

The need for inorganic salts to be present in certain concentrations to maintain homeostasis.

80
Q

Organic substances are more like to dissolve in what than water?

A

organic solvents

81
Q

List the 4 organic substances

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acid
82
Q

Use of carbohydrates

A

provide much of the energy that the cells require; supply material to build cell structures; stored as energy reserves

83
Q

Describe carbohydrates

A
  • water-soluble molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • usually twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms
  • classified according to size
84
Q

Simple carbohydrates, or sugars, include what?

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

85
Q

Describe monosaccharides

A

may include 3-7 carbons in a straight chain; examples are glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose

86
Q

Describe disaccharides

A

consist of 2 6-carbon unites; examples are lactose and sucrose

87
Q

These are built of simple carbohydrates

A

Complex carbohydrates aka polysaccharides; examples are cellulose, plant starch, and glycogen

88
Q

Describe lipids

A
  • insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
  • fats, phospholipids, steroids; fats are the most common
  • composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; much smaller percentage of oxygen than carbohydrates
89
Q

Building blocks of fats

A

fatty acids and glycerol

90
Q

What can supply more energy gram for gram: fats or carbohydrates?

A

fats

91
Q

What is at the end of a fatty acid?

A

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

92
Q

If all the bonds between the carbon atoms in the carbon chain of a fatty acid, the chain is called?

A

saturated

93
Q

If there are some double bonds between the carbon atoms in the carbon chain of a fatty acid, the chain is called?

A

unsaturated

94
Q

What type of unsaturated fatty acid only has one double bond?

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

95
Q

What type of unsaturated fatty acid has more than one double bond?

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid

96
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

fatty acids and glycerol unite so that each glycerol molecule binds to three fatty acid chains

97
Q

These types of lipids consist of a glycerol portion, two fatty acid chains, and a third portion that contains a phosphate group.

A

Phospholipids

98
Q

Describe the “head” of a phospholipid molecule

A

Made up of the phosphate group; this portion is water soluble and said to be “hydrophilic”

99
Q

Describe the “tail” of a phospholipid molecule

A

Made up of the fatty acid portion; this portion is insoluble in water and said to be “hydrophobic”

100
Q

Complex structures that include interconnected rings of carbon atoms

A

Steroids

101
Q

Steroid that is found in all body cells and is used to synthesize other steroids

A

cholesterol

BISC 225 - Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions