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BISC 225 - Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

deals with structures of body parts

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

concerned with functions of body parts

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Why is it often difficult to separate anatomy from physiology and vice versa?

A

Because the function of a part depends on its form.

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4
Q

Smallest chemical unit

A

atom

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5
Q

Atoms are bound together to form these

A

molecules

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6
Q

Small molecules may combine to form these

A

macromolecules

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7
Q

The basic unit of structure and function in the body

A

cell

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8
Q

Composed of aggregates of large molecules; carry on specific activities of the cell

A

organelles

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9
Q

Organized cells in layers/masses that have specific functions

A

tissues

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10
Q

Groups of different tissues form these complex structures with specialized functions

A

organs

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11
Q

A group of organs that function closely together

A

organ system

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12
Q

Interacting organ systems make up a/an ___?

A

organism

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13
Q

Environment within the body in which the cells live

A

internal environment

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14
Q

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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15
Q

What is interdependency of cells?

A

different cells contribute to homeostasis in different ways

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16
Q

Name two types of gradients

A
  • pressure gradient

* concentration gradient

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17
Q

Cell membrane controls what it allows in and out

A

permeability

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18
Q

Cells become specialized through this process

A

Cellular differentiation (gene leads to protein leads to function)

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19
Q

Cell membrane mechanisms

A
  • determines what substances can enter or leave the cell

* responds to some signals, but ignores others

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20
Q

Uses specialized molecules on the membrane called membrane receptors

A

Cell-to-cell communication

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21
Q

an underlying component of the physiological control systems that maintain homeostasis

A

Feedback loops

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22
Q

Internal environment stays relatively constant; replaces substances that are lost and eliminates substances in excess

A

Balance

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23
Q

List the 10 requirements of life

A
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Respiration
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Circulation
  • Assimilation
  • Excretion
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24
Q

Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ

A

movement

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25
Q

Reaction to a change taking place inside or outside of the body

A

responsiveness

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26
Q

Increase in body size without change in shape

A

growth

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27
Q

Production of new organisms and new cells

A

reproduction

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28
Q

Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from food (some forms of life do not use oxygen in this process)

A

respiration

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29
Q

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

A

digestion

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30
Q

Passage of substances through membranes into body fluids

A

absorption

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31
Q

Movement of substances from place to place in body fluids

A

circulation

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32
Q

Changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

A

assimilation

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33
Q

Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

A

excretion

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34
Q

List the 5 requirements of organisms

A
  • Water
  • Food
  • Oxygen
  • Heat
  • Pressure
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35
Q

What is water required for?

A
  • required for many metabolic reactions
  • helps in temperature regulation
  • transports substances
  • lubrication
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36
Q

What is food required for?

A
  • supply energy

* supply raw materials for building new living matter

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37
Q

What is oxygen required for?

A
  • used by the body release energy from nutrients
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38
Q

What is heat required for?

A
  • product of metabolic reactions - partly controls the rate at which these reactions occur
  • temperature is a measure of the amount of heat present
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39
Q

What is pressure required for?

A
  • atmospheric pressure plays in an important role in respiration
  • hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing via blood pressure
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40
Q

3 components of homeostatic mechanisms:

A
  • receptors
  • control centers
  • effectors
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41
Q

Provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment

A

receptors

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42
Q

Includes a set point; tells what a particular value should be

A

control center

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43
Q

Cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

A

effectors

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44
Q

Many homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by ____?

A

negative feedback

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45
Q

In this process, when conditions return to normal, the effectors shut down

A

negative feedback

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46
Q

Examples of negative feedback

A
  • temperature regulation
  • maintenance of blood pressure
  • maintenance of blood glucose level
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47
Q

In this process, conditions move away from the normal state.

A

positive feedback

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48
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A
  • blood clotting

* contractions during birth

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49
Q

Two main body cavities

A
  • axial

* appendicular

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50
Q

What cavities are within the axial cavity?

A
  • dorsal

* ventral

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51
Q

What cavities are within the dorsal cavity?

A
  • cranial

* spinal (aka vertebral canal)

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52
Q

What cavities are within the ventral cavity?

A
  • thoracic

* abdominopelvic

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53
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

diaphragm

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54
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A
  • lungs

* mediastinum

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55
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A
  • heart
  • esophagus
  • trachea
  • thymus gland
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56
Q

What cavities does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

A
  • abdominal

* pelvic

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57
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

most of the digestive organs

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58
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A
  • urinary bladder

* reproductive organs

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59
Q

List the smaller cavities within the head

A
  • oral
  • nasal
  • orbital
  • middle ear
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60
Q

What does the oral cavity contain?

A

teeth and tongue

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61
Q

What does the nasal cavity contain?

A

(located w/in the nose) several air-filled sinuses

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62
Q

What does the orbital cavity contain?

A

eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

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63
Q

What do the middle ear cavities contain?

A

middle ear bones

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64
Q

What does the appendicular cavity contain?

A

includes upper and lower limbs

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65
Q

What thin membranes line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities?

A

serous membranes

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66
Q

What fluid separates the parietal layer (lines the wall) from the visceral layer (covers the organs)?

A

serous fluid

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67
Q

List the four thoracic membranes

A
  • parietal pleura
  • visceral pleura
  • visceral pericardium
  • parietal pericardium
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68
Q

What lines the thoracic cavity?

A

parietal pleura

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69
Q

What covers the lungs?

A

visceral pleura

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70
Q

What covers the heart?

A

visceral pericardium

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71
Q

What, along with the fibrous pericardium, surrounds the heart and forms a protective sac for it?

A

parietal pericardium

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72
Q

List the 2 abdominopelvic membranes?

A
  • parietal peritoneum

* visceral peritoneum

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73
Q

What lines the cavity?

A
  • parietal peritoneum
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74
Q

What covers the organs in this cavity?

A
  • visceral peritoneum
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75
Q

What body system deals with “body covering”?

A

integumentary system

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76
Q

What organs/body parts make up the integumentary system?

A

skin, accessory organs such as hair, nails, sebaceous, and glands, sweat glands

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77
Q

What is the purpose of the integumentary system?

A
  • protects underlying tissues
  • regulates temperatures
  • houses sensory receptors
  • synthesizes products
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78
Q

What two organ systems deal with support and movement?

A

skeletal and muscular

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79
Q

What organs/body parts make up the skeletal system?

A

bones, ligaments, cartilages

80
Q

What organs/body parts make up the muscular system?

81
Q

What is the purpose of the skeletal system?

A

frameworks, protective shields, muscle attachment sites, production of blood cells, stores inorganic salts

82
Q

What is the purpose of the muscular system?

A

body movements, production of heat, maintain posture

83
Q

What two organ systems deal with integration and coordination?

A

nervous and endocrine

84
Q

What organs/body parts make up the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

85
Q

What organs/body parts make up the endocrine system?

A

glands that secrete chemical messengers to target tissue in order to alter the metabolism of that tissue

pancrease, thyroid, ovaries, and testes are a few examples

86
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands

87
Q

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

A

control metabolic activities of body structures

88
Q

What two organ systems deal with transport?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

89
Q

What organs/body parts make up the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

90
Q

What organs/body parts make up the lymphatic system?

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph

91
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

carry oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, takes waste products from cells

92
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

transports tissue fluid to blood, carries fats, defends against infection

93
Q

What three organ systems deal with absorption and excretion?

A

digestive, urinary, and respiratory

94
Q

What organs/body parts make up the digestive system?

A

stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver

95
Q

What organs/body parts make up the urinary system?

A

urinary bladder, ureters, kidneys, urethra

96
Q

What organs/body parts make up the respiratory system?

A

lungs, trachea

97
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

receive foods and break them down into usable forms

98
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A

remove waste from the blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance

99
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

exchange gases between air and blood

100
Q

What organ system deals with reproduction?

A

reproductive system

101
Q

What organs/body parts make up the reproductive system?

A

testes, ovaries

102
Q

What is the purpose of the reproductive system?

A

produce new organisms like self

103
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Standing erect, face is forward, arms are at side, palms are facing forward

104
Q

Used to describe the location of one body part with respect to another

A

relative position

105
Q

One part is above another part, or closer to the head

106
Q

One part is below another part, or closer to the feet

107
Q

Towards the front

A

anterior (ventral)

108
Q

Towards the back

A

posterior (dorsal)

109
Q

One part is closer to the midline of the body

110
Q

One part is away from the midline of the body

111
Q

Pertains to the same side

A

ipsilateral

112
Q

Refers to the opposite side

A

contralateral

113
Q

Refers to paired structures, one on each side

114
Q

One part is closer to the point of attachment to the body

115
Q

One part is further from the point of attachment to the body

116
Q

Situated near the surface

A

superficial/external

117
Q

Towards the side

A

peripheral

118
Q

Parts are more internal

119
Q

List the 3 body sections (HIM referred to these as planes)

A
  • sagittal
  • transverse
  • frontal (coronal)
120
Q

Lengthwise cut producing left and right portions

121
Q

Lengthwise cut at the midline that produces equal right and left portions

A

midsagittal

122
Q

Horizontal cut that produces superior and inferior sections

A

transverse

123
Q

Lengthwise cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

A

frontal (coronal)

124
Q

List the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic region

A
  • Left and right hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • Left and right lateral
  • umbilical
  • Left and right inguinal
  • hypogastric
125
Q

List the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic region

A
  • Right and Left Upper Quadrants

* Right and Left Lower Quadrants

126
Q

region between the thorax and the pelvis

127
Q

point of the shoulder

128
Q

forearm

A

antebrachial

129
Q

anterior surface of the elbow

A

antecubital

130
Q

axillary

131
Q

brachial

132
Q

buccal

133
Q

celiac

134
Q

cephalic

135
Q

cervical

136
Q

costal

137
Q

coxal

138
Q

crural

139
Q

cubital

140
Q

digital

A

finger/toe

141
Q

dorsal

142
Q

femoral

143
Q

frontal

144
Q

genital

A

external reproductive organs

145
Q

gluteal

146
Q

inguinal

A

depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)

147
Q

lumbar

A

region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis

148
Q

mammary

149
Q

mental

150
Q

nasal

151
Q

occipital

A

inferior posterior region of the head

152
Q

oral

153
Q

orbital

A

eye cavity

154
Q

otic

155
Q

palmar

A

palm of the hand

156
Q

patellar

A

anterior part of the knee

157
Q

pectoral

A

anterior chest

158
Q

pedal

159
Q

pelvic

160
Q

perineal

A

the inferior-most region of the trunk between the thighs and the buttocks (perineum)

161
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

162
Q

popliteal

A

area posterior to the knee

163
Q

sacral

A

posterior region between the hip bones

164
Q

sternal

A

middle of the thorax, anteriorly

165
Q

sural

A

calf of the leg

166
Q

tarsal

167
Q

umbilical

168
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

169
Q

branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart diseases

A

cardiology

170
Q

study of skin and its diseases

A

dermatology

171
Q

study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases

A

endocrinology

172
Q

study of the factors that contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions within a defined human population

A

epidemiology

173
Q

study of the stomach and intestines, as well as their diseases

A

gastroenterology

174
Q

branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems

A

geriatrics

175
Q

study of the process of aging and the various problems of older individuals

A

gerontology

176
Q

study of the female reproductive system and its diseases

A

gynecology

177
Q

study of the blood and blood diseases

A

hematology

178
Q

study of the structure and function of issues (microscopic anatomy)

179
Q

study of the body’s resistance to disease

A

immunology

180
Q

study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders

A

neonatology

181
Q

study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys

A

nephrology

182
Q

study of the nervous system in health and disease

183
Q

branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth

A

obstetrics

184
Q

study of cancers

185
Q

study of the eyes and eye diseases

A

ophthalmology

186
Q

branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems

A

orthopedics

187
Q

study of the ears, throat, larynx, and their diseases

A

otolaryngology

188
Q

study of the structural and functional changes within the body associated with disease

189
Q

branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases

A

pediatrics

190
Q

study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases

A

pharmacology

191
Q

study of the care and treatment of the feet

192
Q

branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders

A

psychiatry

193
Q

study of x-rays and radioactive substances, as well as their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases

194
Q

study of poisonous substances and their effects on physiology

A

toxicology

195
Q

branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases

BISC 225 - Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

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