Chapter 2 Challenges to Elizabeth at home and abroad, 1569-88

Question 1

Why did the Northern Earls rebel?

Answer 1

• The earls and their followers wanted to make England Catholic again.
• The earls had lost much of their influence at court under Elizabeth. They resented the new men’, such as William Cecil, John Forster and Robert Dudley.
• Elizabeth’s refusal to name an heir, or to marry and have a child, created uncertainty. The earls feared civil war and loss of power and wealth under a future Protestant monarch.
• Mary , Queen of Scots in captivity in England , was a figurehead that could potentially replace Elizabeth and in doing so replace the other issues Elizabeth had

Question 2

Who were the rebels in the revolt of the northern earls ?

Answer 2

• Thomas Percy, earl of Northumberland, a major Catholic northern landowner.
• Ann Percy, the wife of Thomas Percy
• Mary, Queen of Scots
• Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, a senior noble and Protestant, with family links to the old, northern Catholic families. He planned to marry Mary, Queen of Scots.
• Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, a major Catholic northern landowner.
• Jane Neville was the wife of Charles Neville and the Earl
  Duke of Norfolk’s sister.

Question 3

What was the plan in the revolt of the Northern Earl?

Answer 3

• The original plan was for Mary would marry the Duke of Norfolk and then Elizabeth would name her the heir resolving marriage bad heir problems ( securing Englands future )
• Howveer it turned into the idea to depose (remove) Elizabeth and for Mary, Queen of Scot’s to become queen herself. She told the Spanish Ambassador in 1569 that she “shall be Queen of England in three months” and that “mass shall be said all over the country”
• Robert Dudley told Elizabeth of the plot, leading to Norfolk’s arrest and imprisonment in the Tower.

Question 4

How did the revolt of the Northern Earl progress ?

Answer 4

• Northumberland and Westmorland, with their wives support, continued with the revolt. They took control of Durham Cathedral, celebrating mass there, as well as in other northern churches, and began to move south.
• Elizabeth moved Mary to Coventry, to stop her escaping to join the rebels.
• Though the rebels captured Hartlepool, support from Spain never arrived.

Question 5

Why did the revolt of the Northern Earls fail?

Answer 5

• Support from Spain never arrived.
• Elizabeth managed to raise an army of 14,000 men for her cause
• Many northern landowners, especially those in Lancashire and Cheshire, remained loyal to Elizabeth.
• Many landowners did not want to risk losing wealth gained from the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIlI by backing a failed revolt.

Question 6

Why was the revolt of the Northern Earls significant ?

Answer 6

• It showed Mary, Queen of Scots, could not be trusted - and she remained in prison.
• The pope excommunicated Elizabeth and called on loyal Catholics to depose her. This encouraged further Catholic plots against her.
• The loyalty of England’s Catholics was now in doubt, forcing the government to take harsh steps against them.
• Elizabeth’s control over the north of England was strengthened.

Question 7

When did the Ridolfi plot take place?

Answer 7

1571

Question 8

Why was the Ridolfi plot significant ?

Answer 8

• The government now began to monitor Catholics more closely and treat them more severely. Two laws passed in 1581 meant that families could be fined for sheltering priests and charged with treason if they converted people to Catholicism.
• The threat from Spain meant that England needed to improve relations with France, as England could not fight both countries at once
• It confirmed that English Catholics and Mary, Queen of Scots, remained a threat to Elizabeth.
• It reinforced the threat from Spain, as Philip I would support any plots against Elizabeth.

Question 9

What was the plan of the Ridolfi plot?

Answer 9

• In 1571, Ridolfi plotted to murder Elizabeth, start a Spanish invasion and put Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne. Mary would then marry the Duke of Norfolk.
• Ridolfi had a letter signed by the Duke of Norfolk in which Norfolk declared himself a Catholic and pledged to lead the rebellion with Philip lI’s support.
• Philip I instructed the Duke of Alba to prepare 10000 troops to send across the English Channel in support of the revolt.

Question 10

How did the Ridolfi plot progress ?

Answer 10

• Sir William Cecil discovered the plot and, by autumn 1571, was able to prove that Norfolk was guilty of high treason (plotting against Elizabeth). Ridolfi remained abroad and never returned to England.
• When parliament reconvened in May 1572, it demanded the execution of both Norfolk and Mary, Queen of Scots. Elizabeth signed Norfolk’s death warrant leading to his execution in June 1572. Yet Elizabeth was reluctant to punish Mary, and even refused to remove her from the succession.

Question 11

Why did the Ridolfi plot come about?

Answer 11

Ridolfi plotted to murder Elizabeth, start a Spanish invasion and put Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne. Mary would then marry the Duke of Norfolk.

Question 12

When did the Throckmorton plot take place?

Answer 12

1583

Question 13

When did the Babington plot take place?

Answer 13

1586

Question 14

What was the aims of the Throckmorton plot?

Answer 14

• The French Duke of Guise, a cousin of Mary, Queen of Scots, plotted to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth, free Mary and make England Catholic again.
• Philip II offered to help pay for the revolt and the pope approved of the conspiracy.
• Francis Throckmorton, a young Englishman, would pass letters between the plotters and Mary, Queen of Scots.

Question 15

Why was the Throckmorton plot significant?

Answer 15

• Revealed extent of threat posed by foreign Catholic powers, English Catholics and Mary, Queen of Scots
• Throckmorton’s papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers in England, confirming government’s fears of ‘enemy within’.
• Showed potential threat from France and Spain. Elizabeth had to take care these Catholic powers did not unite against her.
• Government treated English Catholics with greater suspicion. Many fled England after the plot. Up to 11000 were imprisoned, or kept under surveillance or house arrest. An Act of Parliament of 1585 made helping or sheltering
  Catholic priests punishable with death.

Question 16

Why did the Throckmorton plot fail?

Answer 16

Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s Secretary of State, discovered the plot in May 1583.

• In November 1583, Walsingham’s spies found papers at Throckmorton’s house that revealed his part in the conspiracy.
• Throckmorton was arrested and tortured.
  He confessed to his involvement and was executed in May 1584.

Question 17

Who supported the Throckmoroton plot?

Answer 17

• Philip II offered to help pay for the revolt and the pope approved of the conspiracy.
• Francis Throckmorton, a young Englishman, would pass letters between the plotters and Mary, Queen of Scots.

Question 18

What were the aims of the Babington plot?

Answer 18

For Duke of Guise to invade England, murder Elizabeth and put Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne.

Question 19

Why was the Babington plot significant ?

Answer 19

• Elizabeth’s situation was more precarious than with previous plots.
  By 1585, England and Spain were virtually at war.
• Elizabeth’s government became determined to crush the Catholic threat.
• The persecution of Catholics intensified. Thirty-one priests were executed across the country in 1586.
• The plot led to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, ending any hope of replacing Elizabeth with a Catholic heir.

Question 20

How did the Babngton plot proceed ?

Answer 20

• Sir Francis Walsingham intercepted and read Babington’s letters to Mary, which clearly demonstrated her awareness of, support for and involvement in the conspiracy.
• Babington and the plotters were sentenced to death and hanged, drawn and quartered.
• In October 1586, Mary was sentenced to death for her part in the plot. Elizabeth delayed, but signed Mary’s death warrant in February 1587. Mary was beheaded shortly afterwards.

Question 21

Who supported the Babington plot?

Answer 21

Phillip lol and the pipe supported it.

Question 22

Who is Sir Francis Walshingham?

Answer 22

He was Elizabeth’s Secretary of State

Question 23

Why was Sir Francis Walshingham important?

Answer 23

• Walsingham’s actions provided intelligence that defeated plots, such as the Throckmorton plot and Babington plot.
• His intelligence unmasked the activities of Mary, Queen of Scots. This put pressure on Elizabeth to execute her and led to Mary’s execution in early 1587.
• His actions also deterred further plots against Elizabeth.

Question 24

Name features of Walshingham’s spy network ?

Answer 24

• Walsingham had a network of spies and informants in every town.
• Some of Walsingham’s agents were paid and trained by the government.
• Others were paid informants. These were often people who knew or were likely to know potential plotters against the queen. They were sometimes Catholic priests, such as John Hart, who turned informant in return for a Royal Pardon.
• Walsingham also used spies abroad. He had agents in France, Germany, Spain, Italy and North Africa.

Question 25

Name two features of Walsingham’s use of torture and execution ?

Answer 25

• Some priests were tortured, to deter others and force them to give up information. Under Walsingham, 130 priests and 60 of their supporters were put to death.

-The threat of execution and torture was often more effective, as it would provide Walsingham with informants he could use against any plotters.

• Walsingham only used torture and execution in the most serious cases, as he did not want ordinary people to sympathise with plotters.

Question 26

Name two features of Walsinghams agents provocateurs?

Answer 26

• Walsingham employed ‘agents provocateurs” to encourage those who were seen as a threat to Elizabeth to plot against her. This justified their arrest and execution.
• For example, Walsingham used Gilbert Gifford to open communications between Mary and the Babington plotters. This encouraged Mary to involve herself in the plot, leading to her execution.

Question 27

Name two features of how Walsingham used ciphers ?

Answer 27

• Walsingham used ciphers (codes) for all correspondence. This meant that letters would be written in code and translated out of code once received.
• Walsingham also had the means of decoding (deciphering) the codes of those who plotted against Elizabeth. He hired specialists, such as Thomas Phelippes, to help him do this.

Question 28

Why was Mary, Queen of Scots executed ?

Answer 28

• Mary had been involved in a series of plots against Elizabeth, such as the revolt of the Northern Earls, the Ridolfi plot, the Throckmorton plot and the Babington plot.
• Walsingham’s spies had unearthed evidence that Mary was involved with the plotters. This led to her trial and conviction under the Act for Preservation of the Queen’s Safety.
• The Spanish threat was very real by 1587, with rumours of invasion. The fact that Philip I had been involved in previous plots involving Mary, such as the Ridolfi plot, heightened the threat that Mary posed and the reasons for getting rid of her.
• Mary remained a rallying point for disgruntled Catholics who saw her as a legitimate queen.
• The pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570, making Mary an alternative Catholic monarch who could take the throne by foreign invasion.

Question 29

When was Mary , Queen of Scots executed?

Answer 29

1587

Question 30

Why was Mary, Queen of Scots execution significant?

Answer 30

• Mary was an anointed monarch, so executing her set a dangerous precedent. Elizabeth, in the wrong circumstances, could meet a similar fate. So the execution made Elizabeth and her heirs more vulnerable in the future.
• The execution made the succession even more uncertain, increasing the chances of a civil war on Elizabeth’s death
• The execution removed an important threat to Elizabeth, as Mary had been the focus of many Catholic plots to depose Elizabeth.
• The execution further angered Spain and gave Philip I further reason to attack England, as Mary left her claim to the throne to Philip on her death.

Question 31

Why was there religious rivalry in the 1580s between Spain and England?

Answer 31

• Philip II, backed by the pope, saw Protestantism as a threat to the authority of the Catholic Church.
• Many English Protestants saw Spain and Catholicism as a threat.
• Philip Il of Spain became involved in
  Catholic plots against Elizabeth.

Question 32

Name two features of England’s campaign in the Neverlands ?

Answer 32

• Elizabeth still hoped to negotiate with Philip II. England was not formally at war with Spain and so Leicester was not given enough resources to defeat the Spanish.
• Some of Dudley’s officers, William Stanley and Rowland York, defected to the Spanish side. This damaged relations with the Dutch rebels.
• Dudley could only disrupt Spanish forces in the Netherlands under the Duke of Parma.
  He could not defeat them.
• Dudley did manage to stop the Spanish from capturing a deep-water port, Ostend, on the English Channel. This was important because it denied the Spanish Armada the chance to link up with the Duke of Parma’s troops in 1588.

Question 33

Why did England’s campaign in the Neverlands anger Elizabeth?

Answer 33

• Dudley and Elizabeth had different aims in the Netherlands. Dudley wanted to end Spanish rule, making the Netherlands an independent country.
• Elizabeth wanted to go back to how the Netherlands had been governed in 1548 when it remained under Spanish control but with certain freedoms given to it.

Question 34

What is the Spanish fury ?

Answer 34

By 1576, the Spanish government in the Netherlands found the war there unaffordable.
A lack of funds meant Spanish troops went unpaid. This resulted in the Spanish Fury, when Spanish troops looted Antwerp.

Question 35

When did the Spanish Fury happen?

Answer 35

In 1576

Question 36

What is Pacification of Ghent ? When did it happen ?

Answer 36

In 1576, after the looting, all 17 Dutch provinces (Catholic and Protestant) joined an alliance against the Spanish, drawn up in a document called the Pacification of Ghent. It called for all Spanish troops to be expelled from the Netherlands.

Question 37

Why did the deaths of Duke of Alencon and William of Orange cause problems for Elizabeth ?

Answer 37

Duke of Alençon :

• he could no longer fight the Spanish in the Netherlands
• Let to a religious war in France, meaning of us too unstable to be a useful I like to England

William of Orange :

• It showed how easy it was for a lady like Elizabeth to be assassinated
• Search protests since needed a leader and look to Elizabeth us a replacement. She did not want this role as she could be seen as trying to overthrow Phillip
• Without a lead of the dead travellers could be defeated by Spain, leaving England as Phillip ll’s next target

Question 38

What was the Treaty of Joinville?

Answer 38

A treaty under which the French Catholic league secured Philip ll’s help against the French Protestants

Question 39

When was the Treaty of Joinville signed ?

Answer 39

1584

Question 40

How did Spain restore its influence by late 1584?

Answer 40

By late 1584:

• Spanish control of the Netherlands had been restored under the Duke of Parma England’s allies, the Duke of Alençon and William of Orange, were dead
• The Treaty of Joinville (1584) strengthened relations between Catholic France and
  Spain
• Dutch Catholics were ready to make peace with Spain, strengthening Philip Il’s position there.

Phillip gained Portugal, along with its empire and naval forces, which gave Spain and you strength and wealth

Question 41

Why were England and Spain close to war by 1587?

Answer 41

By 1587, England and Spain were close to war.

• Philip II blamed English support of the Dutch rebels for making the situation worse.
• Philip II blamed English privateers for attacks on Spanish shipping.
• Elizabeth’s government blamed Spain for a series of plots against Elizabeth.

Question 42

What is the Treaty of Nonsuch ?

Answer 42

The Treaty of Nonsuch was a treaty under which Elizabeth was to help the Dutch Protestant rebels

Question 43

When was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed ?

Answer 43

1584

Question 44

How did Elizabeth help the Dutch protestant rebels to ensure the pacification of Ghent was carried out ?

Answer 44

• Elizabeth sent a loan of 100,000 Pounds to the Dutch rebels agree to send an expeditionary force to the Netherlands

Question 45

What were Elizabeth’s plans for a campaign in the Neverlands ?

Answer 45

• Elizabeth still hoped to negotiate with Philip II. England was not formally at war with Spain and so Leicester was not given enough resources to defeat the Spanish.
• Some of Dudley’s officers, William Stanley and Rowland York, defected to the Spanish side. This damaged relations with the Dutch rebels.
• Dudley and Elizabeth had different aims in the Netherlands. Dudley wanted to end Spanish rule, making the Netherlands an independent country. Elizabeth wanted to go back to how the Netherlands had been governed in 1548 when it remained under Spanish control but with certain freedoms given to it.

Question 46

What was the result of Elizabeth’s campaign in the Neverlands ?

Answer 46

The campaign achieved very little:

• Dudley could only disrupt Spanish forces in the Netherlands under the Duke of Parma and since Elizabeth had not given him enough money for men or supplies to mount a large campaign.
  He could not defeat them.
• Dudley did manage to stop the Spanish from capturing a deep-water port, Ostend, on the English Channel. This was important because it denied the Spanish Armada the chance to link up with the Duke of Parma’s troops in 1588.

Question 47

When did Francis Drake attack Candiz , ‘Singeing the King of Spain’s beard’?

Answer 47

1587

Question 48

Name two features of Francis Drake’s attack Candiz , ‘Singeing the King of Spain’s beard’?

Answer 48

• Since January 1586, Spain had been gradually building up its Armada, Philip Il’s enormous invasion fleet that was due to help the Spanish army invade England.
• In March 1587, Elizabeth ordered Francis I Drake to attack the Spanish navy.
• Between 19 and 22 April, he attacked Cadiz, a major Spanish naval port, destroying 30 ships and much of the fleet’s supplies. This attack was called the
  ‘singeing of the King of Spain’s beard’.
• Drake then continued to attack Spanish coastal ports and treasure ships.

Question 49

Why was Francis Drake’s attack Candiz , ‘Singeing the King of Spain’s beard’ significant ?

Answer 49

• Spain had to take a break from building the Armada in order to defend itself against Drake.
• The disruption Drake caused did not stop the Armada, but it delayed it by a year.
• This bought England more time to prepare for the eventual Spanish attack and invasion in 1588.

Question 50

Why did Phillip launch the Spanish Armada ?

Answer 50

• Religious conflict : Philip II, a devout Catholic, had already failed in plots to get rid of Elizabeth. The Armada and invasion gave him another opportunity to remove her and place a Catholic on the English throne // The papacy had wanted to overthrow Elizabeth since excommunicating her in 1570 // The pope promised absolution (forgiveness of sins) to those taking part in the Armada.
• Acts of provocation : Drake’s actions in the New World threatened Spanish commercial interests. // Elizabeth’s support for Dutch rebels challenged
  Spanish interests there.
• Politics and diplomacy : The Treaty of Joinville (1584) meant Spain could attack England without risking war with France. // The Treaty of Nonsuch (1585) meant English soldiers were at war with Spain, so Philip could justify attacking England. // England would be a useful addition to Philip’s empire, as it would give Spain complete control of the Atlantic.
• Changing circumstances : Spain acquired Portugal in 1580, giving Philip Il access to Portuguese ports and ships.
  The Duke of Parma’s success in the Netherlands since 1579 meant Spain’s position there was secure. // Elizabeth’s hesitation to fully back Dutch rebels was a sign of weakness and encouraged Philip II to attack.

Question 51

What did Phillip plan when launching the Spanish Armada ?

Answer 51

• Philip ordered the Armada (130 ships and 2431 guns) to sail along the English Channel to the Netherlands.
• From there, the ships would join forces with Spanish troops under the Duke of Parma and transport 27 000 troops to Kent.
• The Spanish army would then attack London, end Elizabeth’s reign and establish a new
  Catholic government

Question 52

Why was the Armada such a threat ?

Answer 52

If the Armada succeeded, Elizabeth could lose her throne and possibly her life.
For English Protestants, including her privy councillors, a successful invasion meant the restoration of Catholicism in England and the persecution of Protestants. For many, the war with Spain was a life and death struggle to preserve their religion and their lives.

Question 53

What happened to Armada of 1588?

Answer 53

• 29 July - the Armada is spotted in the English Channel.
• 31 July - Battle of Plymouth. Two Spanish ships are captured.
• 3-4 August - Battle of the Isle of Wight.
  Spanish ships are outgunned by the English and forced to move further up the channel towards Calais.
• 8 August - Battle of Gravelines.
  Fireships cause the Spanish to panic. The Spanish fleet never links up with the Duke of Parma and is scattered

Question 54

Why did the English win against the Spanish Armada ?

Answer 54

• English ships were better armed and equipped
• the weather
  -English tactics were superior
• Spanish ships lacked supplies and provisions, including food, for a long voyage.
• communication problems

Question 55

What were the consequences of England’s victory against the Spanish Armada ?

Answer 55

• The defeat of the Armada as a major military and financial setback for King Philip I of Spain.
• However, Spain’s war with England continued for the rest of Elizabeth’s reign.
• Spanish prestige was broken.
  Other countries became more willing to challenge
  Spain’s power. This led to the gradual decline of the Spanish Empire.

Question 56

How did English ships contribute to the victory against the Spanish Armada ?

Answer 56

• In English ships, cannons were mounted on smaller gun carriages than on Spanish ships.
• This meant they could be reloaded and fired more quickly than the Spanish cannons.
• This damaged many Spanish ships and undermined their chances of linking up with the Duke of Parma and invading England.

Question 57

How did the weather contribute to the defeat of the Armada ?

Answer 57

Gale force winds caused most of the destruction to the Spanish ships as they retreated home.
Many Spanish ships were destroyed off the west of Ireland.

Question 58

How did English tactics contribute to the defeat of the Armada ?

Answer 58

• The English got close enough to the Spanish ships to fire on them, but stayed far away enough to prevent Spanish sailors and soldiers from boarding. This destroyed and damaged a number of Spanish ships while ensuring that English losses were minimal.
• Drake’s use of fireships at the Battle of Gravelines was also important as it caused the Spanish to panic.

Question 59

How did the Spanish lack of supplies and provisions contribute to the defeat of the Spanish Armada ?

Answer 59

The Spanish fleet was at sea for 10 weeks and by early August the food had rotted. This damaged Spanish morale and their ability to fight the English.

Question 60

How did communication problems contribute to the defeat of the Armada ?

Answer 60

• There was no communication between the Duke of Parma and the
  Duke of Medina Sidonia.
• No deep-water ports. The Dutch rebels still possessed Ostend. This meant the Spanish Armada could not stop at any ports in the Spanish Netherlands, but had to meet up with the Duke of Parma’s army at sea after it had embarked on a series of smaller ships. This made communications very difficult.

Question 61

How did the weather contribute to the defeat of the Armada ?

Answer 61

Gale force winds caused most of the destruction to the Spanish ships as they retreated home.
Many Spanish ships were destroyed off the west of Ireland.

Question 61

Why did Spain represent a major barrier to English trade?

Answer 61

• Spain’s control of the New World also denied English traders profit-making opportunities, because all trade there had to be licensed by the Spanish government.

Therefore, English traders’ efforts to find ways of making money brought them into conflict with the Spanish government.

Question 61

In terms of privateering what did Elizabeth , England and Drake do against Spain?

Answer 61

• English merchants, financed by private investors, including Elizabeth herself, raided Spanish colonies as well as ships voyaging to and from the New World.
• In one raid alone, in 1572, Sir Francis Drake captured £40000 in Spanish silver.
• A second expedition between 1577 and 1580, involving Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe, resulted in the capture of a further £400000 of silver and gold.
• Elizabeth also encouraged Dutch rebels, known as the Sea Beggars, to attack Spanish ships sailing between Spain and the Netherlands.
• By 1580, loss of silver meant that the Spanish government in the Netherlands was bankrupt and could not afford to pay its soldiers.

Question 61

how did privateering lead to England and Spain being at the brink of war ?

Answer 61

• Elizabeth, by knighting Drake, demonstrated her defiance of and hostility towards Spain’s commercial interests in Europe and the New World.
  Her actions showed her support of the financial losses suffered by the Spanish government as a result of
  English privateering.
• For Philip II, Drake and other privateers were little more than pirates who needed to be removed by war if necessary.
• So, getting rid of Elizabeth and Drake by war was the only remaining means of protecting Spain’s commercial interests.

Question 61

What was the significance of the papal ball?

Answer 61

The papal bull issued by the pope, put England’s Catholics in a difficult position, leading them to question whether they should obey the head of the church of a queen. Know that a direct order had been issued by the pope, loyalty to both a spiritual political leader, with no longer possible, and so doubt was cast over the loyalty of all English Catholics.

Question 61

What did Elizabeth do as a consequence of the revolt of the northern earls?

Answer 61

• approximately 450 rebels were executed throughout the towns and villages of northern England on Elizabeth’s orders with the aim of terrifying, the population in preventing another rebellion

Question 61

How did English Catholics keep Catholicism alive in England?

Answer 61

Catholic priests were smuggled into England from 1574. They travelled undercover staying with well-to-do, Catholic families celebrating Mass and hearing confessions

Question 61

What measures against English Catholics?

Answer 61

In 1581, parliament passed to laws against catholics :

• Recusants would now be fine £20
• Attempting to convert people to Catholicism is now treason

Question 61

What were Elizabeth I’d foreign policy aims ?

Answer 61

• Developing and improving trade to benefit the English economy
• protecting England’s borders
• Protecting the English throne
• Avoiding war, which would be costly and could potentially lead to Elizabeth being overthrown in English rebels supported the enemy

Question 61

Why did English merchants face problems in developing trade in the New world ?

Answer 61

• Spain controlled the Netherlands , Englands rain route into European markets.

Question 61

How were commercial rivalries in the new world ?

Answer 61

Spain claimed much of the Americas as its own, including Florida of the Caribbean, Mexico, Panama, Chile, and Peru. The profit to be made in the New World or potentially enormous lower valuable crops, tobacco and sugar cane and huge supplies of silver. Have anyone who wants to trade there needed a license from Spain. Many English merchants ignored Spain’s rules and traded illegally without licenses and some of them even attacked Spanish port and shipping.

Question 61

What did Elizabeth do about the Netherlands?

Answer 61

Elizabeth was relaxing to help Dutch protests in The Netherlands. Since you don’t want to do anything that could lead to war. Instead, she hoped to apply pressure on Spain to encourage them to agree to return the Netherlands to how they had been governed under an agreement made in 1548, which Philip the second challenge sparking the initial revolt in 1566

Question 61

Why did English merchants face problems in developing trade ?

Answer 61

• Spain controlled the Netherlands , Englands rain route into European markets. Antwerp was particularly important to English trade in the Netherlands
• Spain controlled much of the New World there were valuable new trading opportunities

Question 61

How did Elizabeth apply pressure on Phillip II when it came to the Netherlands?

Answer 61

• she indirectly and unofficially helped Dutch, Protestants resist the Spanish
• By allowing Spanish shipping to come under attack from English privateers
• By pursuing friendly relations with France .
• By encouraging others to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands.

Question 61

Two features of Elizabeth marriage with the Duke of Alençon ?

Answer 61

• Elizabeth offered the promise of a marriage alliance of the heir of the French throne in the hopes to Alarm, Philip ll of Spain enough to give the Dutch that independence back
• When it didn’t use the influence of the Duke to encourage him to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands

Question 61

What title did Robert Dudley accept on Elizabeth’s behalf? Why didn’t she like it?

Answer 61

Robert Dudley/the Earl of Leicester, accepted the title of ‘governor general of the Netherlands’ on Elizabeth behalf. Elizabeth hated this since it implied she was deposing Philip ll as king of the Netherlands.

Question 61

What do Elizabeth do under the treaty of Nonsuch?

Answer 61

• England would pay for an army of 7,400 English soldiers, led by an English commander
• Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester - who would work with the rebels’ government, the Council of State