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APK2100C Applied Human Anatomy > Chapter 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Cells are the smallest living units in our bodies

All living organisms are cellular in nature

Human body has over 200 types of cells

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2
Q

Basic Cell Functions

A

Each cell performs basic survival functions such as obtain and use nutrients, dispose of waste, and replicate/regenerate/repair

Carried our trough cell organelles

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3
Q

Basic Cell Structure

A

Cells have a plasma membrane that is the outer body of the cell

Inside the cell is the cytoplasm which s the inner fluid of the cell

The central nucleus controls cellular activities and where DNA is stored

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4
Q

Plasma membrane Structure

A

Membrane made of a double layer of lipids embedded with proteins; externally facing proteins and facing proteins have attached sugar groups

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Some solutes simply diffuse across the lipid bilayer - no proteins or ATP needed

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5
Q

Plasma membrane Function

A

Serves as an external cell barrier; acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell; externally facing proteins act as receptors and used for cell reception

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6
Q

Integral protiens

A

firmly embedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer. Some integral proteins protrude from one side of the membrane only

Sugars coat the proteins which help with cell recognition

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7
Q

Integral protiens

A

firmly embedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer. Some integral proteins protrude from one side of the membrane only

Sugars coat the proteins which help with cell recognition

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8
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

span the whole width of the membrane and protrude from both sides

trans = across

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9
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all. Instead, they attach rather loosely to the membrane surface. The peripheral proteins include a network of filaments that helps support the membrane from its cytoplasmic side.

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10
Q

Simple Dissusion

A

the tendency of small molecules in a solution to move down their concentration gradient

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a membrane is called

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12
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

An integral protein that spans the plasma membrane enables the passage of a particular molecule across a membrane. This molecule is usually water soluble

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13
Q

Active Transport

A

Some transport proteins use energy or ATP to actively pump substances across the plasma membrane AGAINST their concentration gradient

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14
Q

Endocytosis

A

the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells. The substance to be taken into the cell is enclosed by an infolding part of the plasma membrane.

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15
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Translates to “cell eating”. Useful in the body as it helps consume viruses inside the body

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16
Q

Pinocytosis

A

literally means “cell drinking”. Pinocytosis, a routine activity of most cells, is an unselective way of sampling the extracellular fluid. This process is particularly important in cells that function in nutrient absorption, such as cells that line the intestines.

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17
Q

Exocytosis

A

an active mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. Exocytosis accounts for most secretion processes, such as the release of mucus or protein hormones from the gland cells of the body.

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18
Q

Rimbosone Structure

A

Dense particles consisting of two submits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER. Unlike other structures on the cel, it does not contain a membrane

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19
Q

Rimbosone Function

A

Sites of Protein Synthesis on the cell. mRNA enters the ribosome and a process called translation occurs in this organelle.

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20
Q

Rough ER Structure

A

Membrane system of sacs and tubules externally stubbed with ribosomes

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21
Q

Rough ER Function

A

Makes proteins that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell’s membranes

22
Q

Smooth ER Structure

A

Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes

23
Q

Smooth Er Function

A

Site of lipid and steroid hormone synthesis; lipid metabolism; and drug detoxification

24
Q

Golgi Apparatus Structure

A

tack of three to ten disc-shaped cisterns, each bound by a membrane. It resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next.

25
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

packages, modified and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane

The products of the rough ER move through the Golgi stack from the convex (cis) to the concave (trans) side. More specifically, the cis face receives spherical, membranous transport vesicles from the rough ER; new vesicles bud off a trans face to leave the apparatus.

26
Q

Lysosomes Structure

A

spherical, membrane-walled sacs containing many kinds of digestive enzymes. These enzymes, called acid hydrolases, can digest almost all types of large biological molecules.

27
Q

Lysosomes Function

A

spherical, membrane-walled sacs containing many kinds of digestive enzymes. These enzymes, called acid hydrolases, can digest almost all types of large biological molecules.

28
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

Rodlike, double membrane structures; outer membrane has a rough appearance; inner membrane folded projections called cristae. Inside there is a matrix with proteins inside

29
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell

30
Q

Peroxisome Structure

A

membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

31
Q

Perioxisome Function

A

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances; Oxidase removes free radicals from the cell; from this, the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide to form water.

32
Q

Microfilaments Structure

A

Fine filaments of the contractile protein actin

33
Q

Microfilaments Function

A

involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help from the cell’s cytoplasm

34
Q

Intermeiate Filaments Structure

A

protein fibers; composition varies

35
Q

Intermediate Filaments Function

A

The stable cytoskeletal elements; resist tension forces acting on the cell

36
Q

Microtubules Structure

A

Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins

37
Q

Microtuules Function

A

Support the cell and give it shape, involved in intracellular and cellular movement; form centrioles

38
Q

Centrioles structure

A

Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of none triplets of microtubules

39
Q

Centrioles Funcion

A

Organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form the spindle and asters; form the bases of cilia and flagella

40
Q

Nuclear Envelope Structure

A

consists of two parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and has ribosomes on its external face. It forms anew from rough ER after every cell division, so it is evidently a specialized part of the rough ER. The inner membrane is lined by protein filaments, the nuclear lamina, which maintain the shape of the nucleus.

41
Q

Nuclear Envelope Function

A

operates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates the passage of substances to and from the nucleus

42
Q

Nuclear Pores Structure

A

Created when 2 layers of the nuclear membrane fuse. Formed by a bracelet-shaped complex of more than 22 proteins, and there are several thousand pores per nucleus.

43
Q

Nuclear Pores Function

A

The pores allow large molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus as necessary. For example, protein molecules imported from the cytoplasm and RNA molecules exported from the nucleus routinely travel through the pores.

44
Q

Nucleoli Structure

A

Dense spherical (non-membrane bounded) bodies. Made up of proteins ad stains very dark in histology samples

45
Q

Nucleoli functuon

A

Site of ribosome subunit manufacture

46
Q

Chromatin

A
47
Q

Chromatin Function

A

DNA constitutes the genes

48
Q

The three basic functions of the plasma membrane are ___, ___, and ___.

A

Protection, communication and regulation

49
Q

Cholesterol Function in Plasma membrane

A

found in the hydrophobic tails of the membrane as they are also hydrophobic.

The play an important role in maintaining the structure of the bilayer. They ensure the layer isn’t TOO fluid and water can pass easier

50
Q

Cholesterol Function in Plasma membrane

A

Sits in the outer layer of the plasma membrane and aids in the cellular recognition of the cell and also aids in growth and development of the cell

APK2100C Applied Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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