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BCEL > Chapter 2 : Cell studies > Flashcards

Chapter 2 : Cell studies Flashcards

1
Q

Schleiden and Schwann elaborated which theory ?

A

the cell theory

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2
Q

What tells us the the cell theory ?

A

“Cell is the structural and functional units of all living organism”

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3
Q

When was the cell theory elaborated by Schleiden and Schwann ?

A

1838/19th century

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4
Q

When was invented the first microscope ?

A

17th century

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5
Q

Who invented the first microscope ?

A

robert hook

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6
Q

When was the cell discovered ?

A

17th century (as the microscope just appeared)

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7
Q

Who discovered protozoa and bacteria ?

A

Anton van Leuwenhoek

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8
Q

When were protozoa and bacteria discovered ?

A

17th century

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9
Q

When was discovered the nucleus of eukaryotes ?

A

19th century

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10
Q

Who discovered the nucleus ?

A

Robert Brown

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11
Q

When were the chromosome and the mitosis discovered ?

A

19th century

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12
Q

Who discovered the chromosome and the mitosis ?

A

Flemming

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13
Q

When was the germ theory created ?

A

19th century

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14
Q

Who made the germ theory ?

A

Koch and Pasteur

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15
Q

Who did the first ever vaccine and when ?

A

Pasteur to treat a rabbid child in the 19th century

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16
Q

When was the golgi apparatus discovered ?

A

19th century

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17
Q

Who discovered the Golgi apparatus ?

A

Camillo Golgi

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18
Q

What’s the function of the Golgi apparatus ?

A

it stocks proteins and lipids next to the ER and nucleus

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19
Q

When was the fluorescence microscope invented ?

A

20th century : 1940

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20
Q

When was the Electron microscope invented ?

A

20th century : 1960

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21
Q

When was the scanning tunneling microscope invented ?

A

20th century : 1980

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22
Q

When was the confocal laser scanning microscope invented ?

A

20th century : 1980

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23
Q

When were FRAP/FRET/CLAFEM discovered ?

A

20th century

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24
Q

What are FRAP, FRET, and CLAFEM ?

A

they are fluorophore used in fluorescence microscopy

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25
Q

What is the resolving power of electron miscroscopy ?

A

1 angström (10^-10m) to 100µm

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26
Q

What can you observe with an electron microscope ?

A

atoms, small molecules, lipids, proteins, viruses, bacteria, nucleus, eukaryotes (quite small things)

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27
Q

What is the resolving power of a light microscope ?

A

0,42µm to 1cm

28
Q

What can you look at with a light microscope ?

A

bacteria, nucleus, eukaryotes, frog eggs … (quite larger things)

29
Q

What’s the general principle of a light microscope ?

A

observation of thin and colored samples
sample above a light source -> condensor lens -> trhough the specimen -> objective lense -> reflecting prism -> ocular lens -> eye of the observator

30
Q

What are the 6 main components of a light microscope, from the bottom to the top following the light trajectory ?

A 
1 - Light source
2 - Condensor lens
3 - Specimen
4 - Objective lens
5 - Reflecting prism
6 - Ocular lens
31
Q

What are the three main type of light microscopy ?

A
  • phase contrast microscopy
  • fluorescence microscopy
  • confocal laser scanning microscopy
32
Q

What are the two main types of electron microscopy ?

A
  • transmission electron microscopy

- scannin electron microscopy

33
Q

What type of image do you receive when using a phase contrast microscope ?

A

an image in levels on contrast

34
Q

How do you obtain phase constrast microscopy image ?

A

it’s because of the light that isn’t in phase anymore when crossing the sample

35
Q

Do we need to stain our sample when using phase constrast microscope ?

A

no bc the amplitude of the light that go through the sample don’t need to be changed to see something

36
Q

What kind of image do you get when using a fluorescence microscope ?

A

fluo colors on the image

37
Q

what do you need to put on your sample for putting it under a fluorescent microscope ?

A

we need to add a fluorophore to our sample

38
Q

what is a fluorophore ?

A

a fluorescent molecule which after being excited re-emits light at a specific wave-length (=color)

39
Q

Name some well-known fluorophore

A

DAPI, FITC, Rhodamin, GFP

40
Q

In which color emits the fluorophore DAPI ?

A

in blue (“D”= deep sea)

41
Q

In which color emits the fluorophoe FITC ?

A

in green (“F”= feuille)

42
Q

In which color emits the fluorophore Rhodamin ?

A

in red (“R”=rouge/red)

43
Q

In which color emits the fluorophore GFP ?

A

In green

44
Q

What does the acronym “GFP” stand for ?

A

Green Fluo Protein

45
Q

What is GFP ?

A

a gene that codes for a fluorescent protein, that can be added to the genome of an organimsm to observe it under a flurorescent microscope later

46
Q

How does fluorescence work ?

A

fluorescence = emission of an electron when it gets back to a stable phase after being excited

47
Q

Are the absorbed light and the emitted light of a sample the same ?

A

no, they’re different

48
Q

Can we observe with our eye through a fluorecence microscope ?

A

no, we have to use a detector instead of our eye

49
Q

What is immunofluorescence microscopy ?

A

technic that uses a fluorophore fixed to an antibody, so when it will fix to it’s special site, the cell will become fluorescent too
=use the reaction of the immune system

50
Q

What type of image do you get when using confocal laser scanning microscope ?

A

fluorescent image, but you can get different plans of your specimen and reconstruct it in 3D

51
Q

What do you have to add to your sample in confocal laser scanning microscopy ?

A

fluorophore

52
Q

How does confocal laser scanning microscopy works ?

A

a light laser is send directly to our sample (+fluorophore)

53
Q

Thanks to what we have different plans of our sample in confocal laser scanning microscopy ?

A

thanks to a DICHROMATIC MIRROR that deflects the light source

54
Q

What component allows the maximum resolution in confocal laser scanning microscopy ?

A

it’s the pinhole

55
Q

In a confocal laser scanning microscope, by which component is the signal of the sample collected ?

A

by the photomultiplier (=detector)

56
Q

Thanks to which component can we observe different plans of the sample with a confocal laser scanning microscope ?

A

thanks to the pinhole that let pass light from a specific plan, making optical slices of the sample + 3D reconstruction

57
Q

Which is larger : light or electron microscope ?

A

the electron microscope is larger

58
Q

What’s the main difference btw the light and electron microscope ?

A

it’s the way to excite the sample that changes: light or electron

59
Q

What type of image do you get with an electron microscope ?

A

black and white images

60
Q

depending of what the images of electron microscopy looks dark/light ?

A

it depends on the atomic number of the elements: the higher it is, the darker it looks

61
Q

What was the problem leading to the creation of the two types of microscopy ?

A

the higher the atomic number’s element is high, the darker it looks, but in living organisms the main atoms found are H, O, N and C which have a quite low atomic number, so we had to use heavy metal to resolve this problem

62
Q

What does the acronym “TEM” stand for ?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

63
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope ?

A

the sample is soak in heavy metals = it enters it, so me can see the inside of the cell

64
Q

What does the acronym “SEM” stands for ?

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

65
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope ?

A

we spray heavy metals one the sample, so they stay on the surface and that’s what we can observe

66
Q

What are the main 5 steps for a classical preparation technic ?

A 
1 - Fixation 
2 - Dehydration
3 - Embedding
4 - Thin slices
5 - Observation
67
Q

What are the three other main prepartion technic used in microscopy ?

A
  • negative staining
  • shadowing
  • freeze fracture and freeze etching

BCEL (3 decks)

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