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BCEL > Chapter 1 : Nature and organisation of the genetic information > Flashcards

Chapter 1 : Nature and organisation of the genetic information Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the hereditary factor ?

A

G. Mendel

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2
Q

Who’s the father of modern genetic ?

A

G Mendel

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3
Q

Who isolated the DNA ?

A

F. Miescher

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4
Q

What did F. Miescher ?

A

he isolated DNA

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5
Q

Who used the word “gene” for the first time ?

A

Johannson

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6
Q

What did Johannson ?

A

He used the word “gene” for the first time ?

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7
Q

Who showed that the chromosomes contains DNA ?

A

R. Feulgen

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8
Q

What did R.Feulgen discovered ?

A

That chromosomes contains DNA?

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9
Q

Who discovered the transforming factor ?

A

Griffith in 1928

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10
Q

What did Griffith ?

A

Made an experiment to show that there is a transforming factor in DNA and that it was the support of the genetic information

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11
Q

Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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12
Q

What did Watson and Crick ?

A

They discovered the double helix structure of DNA

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13
Q

Who invented the DNA sequencing ?

A

Maxon and Gilbert

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14
Q

What did Maxon and Gilbert ?

A

They invented the DNA sequencing

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15
Q

What did Karry Muliss ?

A

He invented PCR

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16
Q

Who invented PCR ?

A

K. Muliss

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17
Q

What does the PCR ?

A

It emplifies some piece of DNA

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18
Q

What did Craig Venter ?

A

A massive sequencing of the human genome

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19
Q

Who had the idea to make the massive sequencing of the human genome ?

A

Craig Venter

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20
Q

What is DNA ?

A

The support of the genetic information

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21
Q

How the DNA was showed to be the support of genetic information ?

A

Thanks to the experiment of Griffith in 1928 and the demonstration of Avery in 1944

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22
Q

Explain the experiment of Griffith in a few words

A 
same specy, 2 types of bacteria :
smooth looking ones (capsid) = S = virulent
rough looking bacteria = R = harmless
Dead S (heat)+alive R = Dead mice bc of a TRANSFORMING FACTOR
Used enzyme to know from where it was: DNAase (=alive mice, it's harmless again) and protease (=dead mice)

=> transforming principle in DNA

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23
Q

Explain the Chase and Hershey experiment in a few words

A

Some normal cell that stop growing at a certain point in a petri dish bc of contact inhibition, but some are modified = they keep growing
centrifugation and purification of the nucleus of modified cells, there are : prots, RNA and DNA that are added to normal cell, only the one with the DNA of modified cells became modified cells again

=> transforming principle in DNA

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24
Q

How to explain the transforming principle of DNA ?

A

S bacteria = G protein (=capsid) that S bacteria don’t have
When lysed, S bacteria released part of their DNA (one with the G protein gene), and R bacteria exchange their R gene with the S gene and can by then create a capsid too.
Only a few of them achieve this, but it’s enough to kill

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25
Q

What’s different between the horizontal gene exhange and the transfroming principle of DNA ?

A

transforming principle = same specy

horizontal transfer = different species

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26
Q

Define what’s a gene

A

It’s a nucleotide sequence used to program the synthesis of RNA and necessary to one function, i can also produce a protein but not always the case

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27
Q

How’s define the phenotype ?

A

By your DNA and your environment

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28
Q

What’s the DNA made of ?

A

Polymer of polynuclotides of 4 monomers (deoxynuleotides: A,C,G,T)=carbohydrates skeleton

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29
Q

What are the groupe attached to the extremity of the DNA molecule ?

A 
5' = phosphate 
3' = OH
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30
Q

How are bond nucleotides to each other ?

A 
The phosphate (5') binds to the OH group (3')
=phosphodiester bond
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31
Q

What are the 6 essential things to know about the DNA strand ?

A
  • double strand
  • helix structure
  • complementary strands
  • anti-parallel strands
  • phosphodiester bonds btw nuclotides of a strand
  • hydrogen bonds btw the nucleotides of the two strands
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32
Q

What happens when you put DNA at a high temperature ?

A

denaturation = the two strands separate themselves

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33
Q

What material is needed for DNA synthesis ?

A
  • Template (single strand DNA)
  • Primer (doube stranded RNA)
  • Nucleotides
  • DNA polymerase
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34
Q

What’s the template ?

A

A single strand DNA molecule which will be complementary to the newly synthetized one

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35
Q

What kind of bonds DNA Polymerase creates ?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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36
Q

How hydrogenous bonds are created ?

A

“Naturally”

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37
Q

What are the different abreviation for nucleotides ?

A

The different dNTPS are :

  • dATP
  • dTTP
  • dCTP
  • dGTP
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38
Q

How does DNA polymerase reads and synthetizes it ?

A

It reads the template from 3’ to 5’

and synthetizes the new strand from 5’ to 3’

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39
Q

What’s the semi conservative replication model ?

A

one parental strand, one new strand for each two daughter molecule

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40
Q

What’s the conservative replication model ?

A

one of the daughter molecule have the two parental strand, and the other daughter molecule have two new strand

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41
Q

What’s the dispersive replication model ?

A

the two strands of each daughter molecule have some parts of parental DNA and parts of newly synthetized DNA

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42
Q

What kind of replication model applies to DNA ?

A

The semi-conservative model

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43
Q

Explain in a few word how Caesium Chloride gradient works

A

Some DNA put in an environment with 15N (heavy nitrogen) => they only have 15N
then they’re put aside in an environment with 14N (light nitrogen
The 15N DNA is the parental one and the 14N DNA is the new one
The obtained DNA are put in the CsCl gradient and they migrate according to their density. As 15N is more dense, it goes down the gradient, and 14N less dense, it quite stays up. When it’s hydride DNA, it goes btw the two levels.

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44
Q

How do you call DNA with 14N ?

A

light DNA

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45
Q

How do you call DNA with 15N ?

A

heavy DNA

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46
Q

Where does the replication of DNA starts from ?

A

from the origin of replication (ORI)

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47
Q

The DNA replication is a uni or bidirectional mechanism ?

A

bidirectional (2 opposite directions)

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48
Q

How many ORi do you find in prokaryotes ?

A

Only one (one small circular chromosome)

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49
Q

How many ORI do you find in eukaryotes ?

A

many

1 chromosome = at least 1 ORI

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50
Q

How does the replication starts ?

A

By denaturating DNA = opening the heliw structure

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51
Q

What does the opened DNA structure form when replicating ?

A 
Replication bubbles (looking like bubbles)
with replication fork on each side of it
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52
Q

What’s the leading strand ?

A

The strand that needs only one RNA primer and synthetize DNA continuously

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53
Q

What’s the lagging strand ?

A

The strand that needs many RNA primers to synthetize a new strand

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54
Q

What are Okasakis fragments ?

A

They are on the lagging strand, each Okasaki fragment is made of one primer and the DNA synthetized after it, until the next primer

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55
Q

What’s the length of an Okasaki fragment in prokaryotes ?

A

~1000 bases (much longer than eukaryotes ones)

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56
Q

What’s the length of an Okasaki fragment in humans cell ?

A

~200 bases (much shorter than prokaryotes ones)

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57
Q

What’s the function of helicase ?

A

it’s an enzyme that opens the double helix structure

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58
Q

What’s the function of RNA polymerase in DNA replication ?

A

It’s an enzyme also called primase that synthetize RNA primers

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59
Q

What’s the double function of DNA Polymerase ?

A
  • synthetize DNA from the primer

- rempace the RNA of the primer by DNA (degrade RNA=RNAase)

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60
Q

What’s the function of ligase ?

A

It binde the Okasaki’s fragments together to form a whole strand

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61
Q

Comment on the speed of replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

very fast in prokaryotes = 1500bp/sec

a bit slower in eukaryotes = 10 à 100 bp/sec (à cause processus de vérification)

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62
Q

The reading and synthesis of DNA is uni or bidirectional ?

A

Unidirectional

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63
Q

What happen to replication bubbles during DNA replication ?

A

they grow larger and larger until they meet themselves

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64
Q

What’s the function of SSBP enzyme ?

A

It avoid the two strands to reconnect themselves

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65
Q

What’s the difference btw synthetization of DNA in vitro and in vivo ?

A

in vivo = primases (=RNApol) that makes double stranded RNA primer for the synthetization to starts

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66
Q

What are the two functions of primers ?

A
  • fixation of DNA polymeras

- synthetization of DNA

67
Q

How many chromosome in the prokaryotes, and where is it situated ?

A

prokaryotes = 1 mb and it has no organelles so chromosome is directly in the cytoplasm

68
Q

What do the prokaryotes’ genes code ?

A
  • 90% are coding for proteins
  • <1% non coding RNAs
    + regulatory regions
69
Q

What do have prokaryotes that eukaryotes do not have ?

A

plasmids

70
Q

What can you say about plasmid ?

A
  • surnumerary
  • selective advantage
  • double strand DNA molecule
  • self replicating
  • multicopy
  • daughter c has the same as its mother c
71
Q

What does it mean when we say that plasmid is “self replicating” ?

A

it replicates at the same time as the bacteria genome

72
Q

What does it mean when we say that plasmid is “multicopy” ?

A

there are many copies of the same plasmid in the cell

73
Q

Are the plasmid under natural selection ?

A

yes obviously, cells only keep the one that are useful to it

74
Q

What differenciates prokaryotes and eukaryotes when talking about the structure of the genome only ?

A
  • Genome of eukaryotes is fragmented

- linear chromosomes in eukaryotes (circular in pro)

75
Q

What’s the chromatin ?

A

DNA + proteins attached to it

76
Q

How are called the extremities of chromosomes ?

A

telomers

77
Q

How many copy of each chromosome do we have in our cell ?

A

excluding gametes, we have two copies of each chromosome (=diploidy)

78
Q

What are chromosomes associated with, and what does it form ?

A

proteins, forming chromatin

79
Q

How do you call the position of a gene on a chromosome ?

A

the locus

80
Q

Is there a correlation btw the complexity of the genome and the complexity of the organism ?

A

absolutely not, it can have more chromosomes, a way longer genome, these two factors aren’t related

81
Q

What are the two main family of DNA ?

A

Informative and non-informative DNA

82
Q

What is informative DNA ?

A

DNA sequences that are transcripted as RNA (and then proteins or not)

83
Q

What is non-informative DNA ?

A

DNA sequences that aren’t transcripted (as RNA nor as proteins)

84
Q

What are the two types of informative DNA ?

A

coding genes and non-coding genes

85
Q

Coding and non-coding genes belong to informative or non-informative DNA

A

informative DNA

86
Q

What is the fucntion of coding DNA ?

A
  • it codes proteins

- many exempaires/genome (++proteins)

87
Q

Whats is the function of non-coding DNA ?

A
  • it codes for RNA only !!

ex: genes for rRNA…

88
Q

How important is informative DNA in the human genome ?

A

1,4%

89
Q

What’s the function of non-informative DNA?

A

Structural/functional function

90
Q

How’s consituted non-informative DNA ?

A

Of repeated sequences of DNA

91
Q

What are the two types of non-informative DNA ?

A
  • repeated in tandem (side by side)

- dispersed repetition

92
Q

What percentage of DNA is constitute of non-informative DNA repeated in tandem ?

A

10%

93
Q

What percentage of DNA is constitute of non-informative DNA have disperserd repetition ?

A

45%

94
Q

Give an exemple of sequences in tandem

A

minisatellites

95
Q

How many membrane does the nucleus have ?

A

2

96
Q

How do you call the two membranes of the nucleus ? What do they form ?

A

inner layer + outer layer = an envelope

97
Q

How to describe a nucleus that isn’t replicating ?

A

interphasic

98
Q

How many nuclues per cell ?

A

One par cell (most of the time)

99
Q

How are the chromosome when the nucleus is interphasic ?

A

they are all mixed together and can’t be dissociated from e/o

100
Q

According to what the size and the form of the nucleus does change ?

A

according to the state of the cell

101
Q

What are the two ultrastructures that the nucleus contains?

A
  • chromatine (dna + prot)

- nucleolus

102
Q

What is the nucleolus ?

A

a part of the nucleus that is way more dense

103
Q

How do you call the inside of the nucleus ?

A

the nucleoplasm

104
Q

How do you call the space between the inner and outer layer of the nucleus ?

A

perinuclear space

105
Q

The envelope of the nucleus is a barrier btw what and what ?

A

btw the nucleoplasm and the cytoplaqm

106
Q

What can we found in the nucleoplasm ?

A

The cellular matrix and the chromatin

107
Q

With what is connected the outer layer of the nucleus ?

A

with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (in continuity, the lumens are connected)

108
Q

Define the nuclear matrix

A

it’s a complex structure composed of lamina, proteins and RNA
=lamina+prots+RNA

109
Q

what is the lamina ?

A

made of lamins, attached to the inner membrane

110
Q

What’s the function of lamina ?

A

it maintains the envelope

111
Q

Is the envelope of the nucleus completely waterproof ?

A

no, there are nuclear pores in the envelope

112
Q

What are the nuclear pores ?

A

in the interruption of the nuclear envelope, are organized structure of ~50 proteins
(with cytoplasmic filaments and cytoplasmic particles)

113
Q

What’s the function of the nuclear pores ?

A

they regulate cytonuclear exchange

114
Q

What size can be a nuclear pore ?

A

80 to 100 nm

115
Q

How do you call the proteins that form the nuclear pores ?

A

the nucleoporines

116
Q

What’s NPC acronym for ?

A

Nuclear Pore Complex

117
Q

How do the nuclear pores regulate the cytonuclear exchange ?

A

by modifying their diameter = regulation of molecules which enters the nucleus

118
Q

What kind of transport go through the nuclear pores ?

A

passive AND active transport

119
Q

What are the outputs of the nuclear envelope ?

A

the molecules made in the nucleus that have a function in the cytoplasm

120
Q

What are the inputs of the nuclear envelope ?

A

the molecules made in the cytoplasm that have a fucntion in the nucleus

121
Q

What are the two types of chromatin ?

A

eu chromatin and heterochromatin

122
Q

How do you recognize euchromatin on a microscope image ?

A

it’s less dense so looks less dark

123
Q

How do you recongize heterochromatin on a microscope image ?

A

it’s really dense so it looks very dark

124
Q

How large can the diameter of nuclear pores can increase/decrease ?

A

9 to 26 nm

125
Q

How many protein complexes form the nuclear pores ?

A

8 complexes = nuclear pore

126
Q

Tell some exemples of molecules getting out of the nucleus by the nuclear pores

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

127
Q

Tell some exemples of molecules getting in the nucleus by the nuclear pores

A
  • proteins (for chromatin and lamina)
  • transcription factor
  • ribosomal proteins
128
Q

What is the state of the chromosomes in euchromatin ?

A

decompacted, they are active (bc more accessible to the cell)

129
Q

What’s the DNA structure in euchromatin ?

A

Pearl necklace structure

130
Q

What is the state of the chromosome in heterochromatin ?

A

well more compacted, they are inactive (bc less accessible to the cell)

131
Q

Where do you mainly find heterochromatin ?

A

new to the inner membrane

132
Q

Can DNA be a free molecule ?

A

no, even isolated it keeps its pearl necklace structure

133
Q

What’s the DNA structure in heterochromatin ?

A

solenoid structure (fibers piles)

134
Q

What’s the protein used for the structuration of DNA ?

A

histones

135
Q

what are the 5 different types of histones ?

A

H1? H2A, H2B, H3, H4

136
Q

Are histones basic or acid ? from what amino acids are they mainly made ?

A

they are basic
basic aa : lysine and arginine
=binds to acid DNA

137
Q

What is pearl necklace structure made of ?

A

fibers made of sequences of nucleosomes

138
Q

What is a nucleosome ?

A

Core particle :

  • core of 8 histones
  • Fragment of DNA wrapped around

+ DNA linker internucleosomal

139
Q

How many bp are wrapped around the histone core ?

A

140/200 bp

140
Q

How many bp do we found in DNA linker ?

A

60 bp

141
Q

What is the histone core of nucleosome made of ?

A

2xH2A; 2xH2B; 2xH3; 2xH4

142
Q

What’s the first level of organisation of DNA ?

A

the nucleosomes of the pearl neacklace structure in euchromatin

143
Q

From which proteins are solenoids tructures made of ?

A

histone H1

144
Q

What’s the second level of organisation of DNA ?

A

solenoids structures in heterochromatin

145
Q

What’s the third level of organisation of DNA ?

A

the condensed chromosome during the division of the cell

146
Q

Are chromosome randomly placed in the nucleus ?

A

no, each of them occupy a specific chromosome territory

147
Q

Are the chromosomes territories the same for all eukaryotes ?

A

no, it depends on the type of the cell

148
Q

Why do the chromosome territories different btw the different cell of an organism ?

A

bc it depends on which part of the DNA the cell need to use

149
Q

What is the nucleolus ?

A

NOT A COMPARTIMENT

but a specific area in the cell where chromosomes with the rRNA-45S Gene reunites

150
Q

How many nucleolus per cell ?

A

Usually 1, but sometimes more and sometimes none

151
Q

What can you deduce from the number/size of nucleolus ?

A

we can deduce the metabolic activity of the cell, the more it has the more active it is

152
Q

What are the two functions of the nucleolus ?

A
  • rRNA synthesis

- formation of ribosomal subunits (only the subunits, not the whole ribosome)

153
Q

Do ribosomes exist as a free form ?

A

no bc the two subunits onky assembly themselves when replicating

154
Q

What are the two subunits that constitutes the ribosome ?

A

the small subunit

the large subunit

155
Q

With which RNA is the small ribosomal unit made of ?

A

RNA 18S

156
Q

With which RNAs is the large ribosomal unit made of ?

A

RNA 28S, 5S and 5.8S

157
Q

Where are produced the RNA28S, 18S and 5.8S ?

A

in the nucleolus

158
Q

Is RNA5S produced in the nucleolus ?

A

no, it’s only RNA28S,18S and 5.8S

159
Q

Which gene code for RNA 28S, 18S and 5.8S ?

A

rRNA 45S gene (found in the nucleolus)

160
Q

Is rRNA-45S a coding or non-coding gene ?

A

non-coding -> no proteins but RNA

161
Q

rRNA-45S gene can be found many times in our genome, are the repetitions in tandem or dispersed ?

A

the repetitions of rRNA-45S gene are dispersed in the genome

162
Q

What are the different chromosome that has rRNA-45S genes ?

A

the chromosomes :

  • 13,14,15
  • 21, 22
163
Q

What is abundantly synthetized in the nucleolus ?

A

ribosomal RNA

164
Q

Where is rRNA 5S produced ?

A

in the nucleus but not in the nucleolus so it has to move

BCEL (3 decks)

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