Chapter 2 - Cell structure Organisation

Question 1

What does 1000nm equal

Answer 1

1 micrometer

Question 2

Nuclear envelope

Answer 2

Double membrane around the nucleus

Question 3

Nuclear pores

Answer 3

Passage of large molecules like mRNA and ribosomes in and out

Question 4

Nucleoplasm

Answer 4

Granular material in the nucleus (like the cytoplasm)

Question 5

Chromatin

Answer 5

Cool of DNA bound to a protein (condensed into chromosome)

Question 6

Function of chromosomes

Answer 6

Site of transcription

Question 7

Nucleolus

Answer 7

Site of formation of rRNA

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

Codes for amino acid chain and contains DNA

Question 9

What are the two membranes of mitochondria separated by

Answer 9

Inter membrane space

Question 10

Cristae

Answer 10

Inner membrane folded inwards

Question 11

Organic matrix

Answer 11

Solution containing many compounds

Question 12

What do mitochondria use to make proteins and self replicate

Answer 12

70S ribosomes and a circle of DNA

Question 13

Function of mitochondria

Answer 13

Produce ATP in aerobic respiration some in the matrix and some in the inter membrane space

Question 14

Function of cristae

Answer 14

Large surface area for attachment of enzymes involved in respiration

Question 15

What cells contain a lot of mitochondria

Answer 15

Metabolically active cells (muscle cells)

Question 16

Why are mitochondria cylindrical

Answer 16

Increase surface area reducing diffusion distance between edge and center making aerobic respiration more efficient

Question 17

Chloroplast envelopes

Answer 17

Double membrane around a chloroplast

Question 18

Stroma

Answer 18

Fluid filled like a cytoplasms containg products of photosynthesis

Question 19

What allows chloroplasts the make proteins and self replicate

Answer 19

70S ribosomes and circular DNA

Question 20

Granum

Answer 20

Stack of thylakoids

Question 21

Thylakoid

Answer 21

Contain photosynthetic pigments

Question 22

What connects the granum

Answer 22

Inter granal lamella/thylakoid

Question 23

Endosymbiosis theory

Answer 23

Origin of mitochondria and chromosomes Ancient bacteria engulfed them forming double membrane

Question 24

Rough ER

Answer 24

Protein synthesis

Question 25

Smooth ER

Answer 25

Lipid synthesis

Question 26

Cisternae

Answer 26

Fluid filled spaces in between Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

Which cells have a lot of Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

Cells that store large amounts of carbs protiens and fats

Question 28

Make up of ribosomes

Answer 28

One small and large subunit with 2 tRNA attachments in the large one and mRNA attachment in the small one

Question 29

Golgi body

Answer 29

Vesicles containing polypeptides pinch off from RER and fuse with it before chemically modified and packaged and released in secretory vesicles for for completing exocytosis at the cell membrane

Question 30

Functions Golgi body

Answer 30

Produce secretory vesicles Secrete carbs Produce glycoproteins Form lysosomes

Question 31

Lysosomes

Answer 31

Temporary vacuoles hat store digestive enzymes

Question 32

Centrioles

Answer 32

Only in animal cells in cell division organise microfibrils that make the spindle

Question 33

Vacuole

Answer 33

Supporting soft plant tissues

Question 34

What is the cell wall and elf in plants

Answer 34

Cellulose

Question 35

Pectin

Answer 35

Polysaccharide matrix

Question 36

Functions of cell wall 3

Answer 36

Transport - the membranes fully permeable Mechanical strength - laminated arrangement makes them very strong Communication- plasmodesmata

Question 37

Apoplast/ symplast

Answer 37

Way that things enter the plant

Question 38

Plasmodesmata

Answer 38

Cell communication, occurred when theres no cellulose thickening

Question 39

Organelle interrelation

Answer 39

DNA encodes protiens, Nuclear pore allows mRNA to leave, ribosomes transcribe rRNA and protein synthesis occurs producing polypeptides vesicle transports to Golgi body altered and relaxed by secretory vesicle

Question 40

What do all prokaryotes have

Answer 40

``` DNA molecule Cell wall 70S ribosomes Cytoplasm Cell membrane ```

Question 41

Peptidoglycan

Answer 41

Cell was made up of this in prokaryotes

Question 42

Acellular

Answer 42

No organelles and not cellular

Question 43

Inert virion

Answer 43

What a virus existed as outside a host

Question 44

How virus’ invade cells

Answer 44

Take over cells metabolism and multiply causing the cell to burst

Question 45

Bacteriophage

Answer 45

Virus’ that attack bacteria

Question 46

Epithelial tissue

Answer 46

No blood vessels and may have nerve endings and sit on a basement membrane made of protein and collagen

Question 47

Cuboidal epithelium

Answer 47

One cell thick and are in ducts of salivary gland and kidneys

Question 48

Columnar epithelium

Answer 48

Elongated cells oviduct and and trachea which have cillia attached to

Question 49

Squamous epithelium

Answer 49

Flattened class form walls of alveoli and line Renal capsule

Question 50

Skeletal muscle

Answer 50

Attached to bones voluntary and generates locomotion

Question 51

Smooth muscle

Answer 51

Spindle shapes cells skin and walls of blood vessels and are involuntary with no stripes

Question 52

Cardiac muscle

Answer 52

Only in heart stripes and are involuntary which don’t tire

Question 53

Apipocytes

Answer 53

Fat storing cells between collagen fibres in tissue and organs

Question 54

Microscopy equation

Answer 54

Image / object