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Biology > Chapter 2 - Cell structure Organisation > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell structure Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What does 1000nm equal

A

1 micrometer

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2
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane around the nucleus

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3
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Passage of large molecules like mRNA and ribosomes in and out

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4
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Granular material in the nucleus (like the cytoplasm)

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

Cool of DNA bound to a protein (condensed into chromosome)

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6
Q

Function of chromosomes

A

Site of transcription

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7
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of formation of rRNA

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Codes for amino acid chain and contains DNA

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9
Q

What are the two membranes of mitochondria separated by

A

Inter membrane space

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10
Q

Cristae

A

Inner membrane folded inwards

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11
Q

Organic matrix

A

Solution containing many compounds

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12
Q

What do mitochondria use to make proteins and self replicate

A

70S ribosomes and a circle of DNA

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13
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Produce ATP in aerobic respiration some in the matrix and some in the inter membrane space

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14
Q

Function of cristae

A

Large surface area for attachment of enzymes involved in respiration

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15
Q

What cells contain a lot of mitochondria

A

Metabolically active cells (muscle cells)

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16
Q

Why are mitochondria cylindrical

A

Increase surface area reducing diffusion distance between edge and center making aerobic respiration more efficient

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17
Q

Chloroplast envelopes

A

Double membrane around a chloroplast

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18
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid filled like a cytoplasms containg products of photosynthesis

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19
Q

What allows chloroplasts the make proteins and self replicate

A

70S ribosomes and circular DNA

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20
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thylakoids

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21
Q

Thylakoid

A

Contain photosynthetic pigments

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22
Q

What connects the granum

A

Inter granal lamella/thylakoid

23
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Origin of mitochondria and chromosomes Ancient bacteria engulfed them forming double membrane

24
Q

Rough ER

A

Protein synthesis

25
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis

26
Q

Cisternae

A

Fluid filled spaces in between Endoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

Which cells have a lot of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cells that store large amounts of carbs protiens and fats

28
Q

Make up of ribosomes

A

One small and large subunit with 2 tRNA attachments in the large one and mRNA attachment in the small one

29
Q

Golgi body

A

Vesicles containing polypeptides pinch off from RER and fuse with it before chemically modified and packaged and released in secretory vesicles for for completing exocytosis at the cell membrane

30
Q

Functions Golgi body

A

Produce secretory vesicles
Secrete carbs
Produce glycoproteins
Form lysosomes

31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Temporary vacuoles hat store digestive enzymes

32
Q

Centrioles

A

Only in animal cells in cell division organise microfibrils that make the spindle

33
Q

Vacuole

A

Supporting soft plant tissues

34
Q

What is the cell wall and elf in plants

A

Cellulose

35
Q

Pectin

A

Polysaccharide matrix

36
Q

Functions of cell wall 3

A

Transport - the membranes fully permeable

Mechanical strength - laminated arrangement makes them very strong

Communication- plasmodesmata

37
Q

Apoplast/ symplast

A

Way that things enter the plant

38
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cell communication, occurred when theres no cellulose thickening

39
Q

Organelle interrelation

A

DNA encodes protiens,
Nuclear pore allows mRNA to leave, ribosomes transcribe rRNA and protein synthesis occurs producing polypeptides vesicle transports to Golgi body altered and relaxed by secretory vesicle

40
Q

What do all prokaryotes have

A 
DNA molecule 
Cell wall
70S ribosomes 
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
41
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Cell was made up of this in prokaryotes

42
Q

Acellular

A

No organelles and not cellular

43
Q

Inert virion

A

What a virus existed as outside a host

44
Q

How virus’ invade cells

A

Take over cells metabolism and multiply causing the cell to burst

45
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus’ that attack bacteria

46
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

No blood vessels and may have nerve endings and sit on a basement membrane made of protein and collagen

47
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

One cell thick and are in ducts of salivary gland and kidneys

48
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Elongated cells oviduct and and trachea which have cillia attached to

49
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Flattened class form walls of alveoli and line Renal capsule

50
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones voluntary and generates locomotion

51
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle shapes cells skin and walls of blood vessels and are involuntary with no stripes

52
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only in heart stripes and are involuntary which don’t tire

53
Q

Apipocytes

A

Fat storing cells between collagen fibres in tissue and organs

54
Q

Microscopy equation

A

Image / object

Biology (5 decks)

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