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APK 2105C Exam 1 > Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

organic, carbon containing molecules in living things

A

biomolecules

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2
Q

4 types of biomolecules

A

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Polysaccharides

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3
Q

Functional Groups: Name chemical formula and chemical property

  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Sulfyhydryl
  3. Phosphate
  4. Carboxyl
  5. Amino
A
  1. Hydroxyl: OH, polar
  2. Sulfyhydryl: SH, polar
  3. Phosphate: HPO4-, polar
  4. Carboxyl: COOH, acid
  5. Amino: NH2, base
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4
Q

Name & describe the 3 types of chemical bonds

A
  1. Covalent- share electrons
    1. Can either be polar (water, hydrophilic,glucose)
    2. OR Nonpolar (insoluble in water, hydrophobic, lipids)
  2. Ionic- 1/+ atoms completely transfer
    1. Loss of electron = cation
    2. Gain of electron = anion
  3. H-bonds
    1. Bonding w/ electro- atom gains slight positive charge to make weak polar attraction
    2. Responsible for surface tension and capillary action
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5
Q

What makes carbs polar?

Name:

3 monosaccharides

2 disaccharides

1 polysaccharide

A

hydroxyl groups

MONO: glucose, fructose, galactose

DI: sucrose, lactose

POLY: glycogen

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6
Q

Biomolecule primarily composed of H & C atoms, name 4 classes

A

lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

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7
Q

chains of carbon atoms that can be used as fuel

name & describe the 2 types

A

fatty acids

saturated = single, covalent bonds/solid at room temp

unsaturated = double covalent bonds, liquid at room temp

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8
Q

phospholipids are _______ molecules; meaning they have a __________ head, _______ backbone & __________ tail w/ __ FAs

A

phospholipids are amphipathic molecules; meaning they have a hydrophilic head, glycerol backbone & hydrophobic tail w/ 2 FAs

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9
Q

prostaglandins, thromboxanes & leukotrienes are examples of

A

Eicosanoids

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10
Q

estrogen, testosterone & aldosterone are examples of

A

steroids

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11
Q

large molecules of AA subunits (20 available to construct it) that are responsible for structure, enzymes, antibodies, receptors for certain molecules, carriers for transport and energy source

A

proteins

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12
Q

What 3 things do each AA group contain?

Which of the 3 is responsible for its identity?

A

Amine (NH2), Carboxylic Acid group (COOH), different functional group

Functional group!

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13
Q

bond bw 2 adjacent AA, formed by?

A

peptide bond

dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

when does a polypeptide chain become a protein?

A

> 50-100 AA

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15
Q

Name 4 structures of proteins & the bonds that hold each

A
  1. Primary structure, Peptide bonds
  2. Secondary structure = Alpha helix and Beta sheets, H-Bonds
  3. Tertiary structure, Alpha helix and Beta sheets combo, Hbonds
  4. Quarternary structure
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16
Q

Name each protein

Combo of each is called?

A

fibrous

globular

Mixed protein = myosin

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17
Q

What consists of phosphate group(s), 5C Carb (deoxyribose and ribose), base-containig Carbon-Nitrogen ring (purines and pyrimidines)

A

nucleotides

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18
Q

what do these 3 describe?

ADP/ATP

(adenosine = adenine + ribose)

NAD = Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide

FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide

A

3 energy transferring nucleotides

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19
Q

2 messenger molecules?

A

cAMP & cGMP

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20
Q

polymers of nucleotides?

Function of: DNA & RNA?

A

nucleic acids

DNA stores genetic code

RNA is needed to express genetic code

21
Q

nucleic acids are bonded by? How do they bond?

Purines?

Pyrimidines?

A

Complementary base pairing:

G+C

A+T/U

Purines = Adenine + Guanine

Pyrimidines = Cytosine + Thymine/Uracil

22
Q

RNA structure:

  1. contains _______
  2. ___ takes place of ___
  3. _____-stranded

Name 4 types

A

RNA structure:

  1. contains ribose
  2. Uracil takes place of Thymine
  3. single-stranded

Name 4 types: mRNA, precursor mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

23
Q

Cell Plasma Membrane Model? Which controls ______ of materials and cell _______?

Homeostasis requires?

Plasma membrane separates _______ (cytosol) & ________ (interstitium) environments

Membrane composed predominately of ______ layer of phospholipids

A

Cell Plasma Membrane Model = Fluid Mosaic Model Which controls passage of materials and cell signaling

Homeostasis requires compartmentalization

Plasma membrane separates intracellular (cytosol) & extracellular (interstitium) environments

Membrane composed predominately of double layer of phospholipids

24
Q

aqueous contents of the cell that serves as medium for chemical reactions that contain ions, enzymes, nutrients, & organelles

A

cytoplasm

25
Q

Cytoplasm contains ________: collection of protein microfilaments & microtubules that provide structure & support to the cell, aid in intracellular transport & cellular movement

A

cytoskeleton

26
Q

Name 5 membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm

A

Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria

27
Q

Membrane bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, degrade debris, cause apoptosis

A

Lysosomes

28
Q

Membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative enzymes present in all cells but are very large and acive in the liver?

A

Peroxisomes

29
Q

Membrane bound organelle that synthesizes biomolecules?

Name 2 types and their function

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth = synthesizes lipids and stores enzymes

Rough = synthesizes proteins (ribosomes)

30
Q

Membrane bound organelle that processes molecules made in the ER to prepare them for transport?

A

Golgi Apparatus

31
Q

Membrane bound organelle that is the major sites for energy production within the cell that converts food energy to ATP

Outer membrane contains _____ contour

Inner membrane contains infoldings called _______

“______ _______ of the cell”

Fluid part?

A

Mitochondria

Outer membrane contains smooth contour

Inner membrane contains infoldings called cristae

“Power House of the cell”

Fluid part = Matrix

32
Q

_____ ______ is surrounded by nuclear membrane which supports & controls the passages of materials

A

Cell nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane which supports & controls the passages of materials

33
Q

Nucleus contains _____; threadlike material makes up the chromosomes

A

Nucleus contains chromatin; threadlike material makes up the chromosomes

34
Q

2 things Chromatin is composed of?

A

Histone proteins and DNA molecules

35
Q

3 Cell to cell adhesions & describe

A

Tight Junctions: nearby cells

Desmosomes: gaps

Gap junctions: travel thru channel

36
Q

Steps for DNA protein synthesis

___ (gene) 1._____ –> ___ (mRNA) 2._____ (tRNA) —> _____

A

Steps for DNA protein synthesis

DNA (gene) 1.Transcription –> RNA (mRNA) 2.Translation (tRNA) —> protein

37
Q

In genetic transcription, what causes separation of the 2 strands along the region of DNA that constitues a gene?

A

RNA polymerase

38
Q

In genetic transcription, 1 of 2 separated DNA strands serves as a _____ for RNA production

Each _____ contains 100s of nucleotides for comp base pairing

triplet = ?

A

In genetic transcription, 1 of 2 separated DNA strands serves as a template for RNA production

Each mRNA contains 100s of nucleotides for comp base pairing

triplet = codon

39
Q

STUDY!!!

A
40
Q

Transcription Cont.

When transcription is finished, ____ is formed and DNA joins together.

After transcription, ____ (___) is removed bc is not used for coding of proteins

_____ moves out of the nucleus

A

Transcription Cont.

When transcription is finished, mRNA is formed and DNA joins together.

After transcription, mRNA (introns) is removed bc is not used for coding of proteins

mRNA moves out of the nucleus

41
Q

Translation:

____ leaves nucleus and attaches to either free ribosome/ribosome on ER

_____ matches specific AA to a codon

_____ moves thru ribosome and sequence of codons is translated to specific AA to form ________ ____

A

Translation:

mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to either free ribosome/ribosome on ER

tRNA matches specific AA to a codon

mRNA moves thru ribosome and sequence of codons is translated to specific AA to form polypeptide chain

42
Q

___-________ processing is removal of introns and addition of RNA CAP and poly A tail

A

Post-translational processing is removal of introns and addition of RNA CAP and poly A tail

43
Q

Translation of leader sequence and destination of polypeptide is translated in the ______

A

Translation of leader sequence and destination of polypeptide is translated in the cytosol

44
Q

Proteins produced for export are produced by ____ translation in the ___

Secretory proteins are then transported to the ____ _______ which serves as:

Further modification of AA, separates proteins according to function & destination, packages proteins in vesicles + ships off

A

Proteins produced for export are produced by mRNA translation in the ER

Secretory proteins are then transported to the Golgi Apparatus which serves as:

Further modification of AA, separates proteins according to function & destination, packages proteins in vesicles + ships off

45
Q

Protein Degradation that breaks sulfide bonds & AA to make proteins

A

lysosomes

46
Q

Protein Degradation that are calcium activated proteases that recycle & rebuilds large skeletal muscle

A

calpains

47
Q

Protein Degradation that takes large broken down skeletal muscle from calpases & further breakdown

A

Ubiquitin proteasome

48
Q

Protein Degradation that takes damage from mitochondria and recycles proteins

A

caspases

APK 2105C Exam 1 (2 decks)

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