Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
organic, carbon containing molecules in living things
biomolecules
4 types of biomolecules
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
Functional Groups: Name chemical formula and chemical property
- Hydroxyl
- Sulfyhydryl
- Phosphate
- Carboxyl
- Amino
- Hydroxyl: OH, polar
- Sulfyhydryl: SH, polar
- Phosphate: HPO4-, polar
- Carboxyl: COOH, acid
- Amino: NH2, base
Name & describe the 3 types of chemical bonds
- Covalent- share electrons
- Can either be polar (water, hydrophilic,glucose)
- OR Nonpolar (insoluble in water, hydrophobic, lipids)
- Ionic- 1/+ atoms completely transfer
- Loss of electron = cation
- Gain of electron = anion
- H-bonds
- Bonding w/ electro- atom gains slight positive charge to make weak polar attraction
- Responsible for surface tension and capillary action
What makes carbs polar?
Name:
3 monosaccharides
2 disaccharides
1 polysaccharide
hydroxyl groups
MONO: glucose, fructose, galactose
DI: sucrose, lactose
POLY: glycogen
Biomolecule primarily composed of H & C atoms, name 4 classes
lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
chains of carbon atoms that can be used as fuel
name & describe the 2 types
fatty acids
saturated = single, covalent bonds/solid at room temp
unsaturated = double covalent bonds, liquid at room temp
phospholipids are _______ molecules; meaning they have a __________ head, _______ backbone & __________ tail w/ __ FAs
phospholipids are amphipathic molecules; meaning they have a hydrophilic head, glycerol backbone & hydrophobic tail w/ 2 FAs
prostaglandins, thromboxanes & leukotrienes are examples of
Eicosanoids
estrogen, testosterone & aldosterone are examples of
steroids
large molecules of AA subunits (20 available to construct it) that are responsible for structure, enzymes, antibodies, receptors for certain molecules, carriers for transport and energy source
proteins
What 3 things do each AA group contain?
Which of the 3 is responsible for its identity?
Amine (NH2), Carboxylic Acid group (COOH), different functional group
Functional group!
bond bw 2 adjacent AA, formed by?
peptide bond
dehydration synthesis
when does a polypeptide chain become a protein?
> 50-100 AA
Name 4 structures of proteins & the bonds that hold each
- Primary structure, Peptide bonds
- Secondary structure = Alpha helix and Beta sheets, H-Bonds
- Tertiary structure, Alpha helix and Beta sheets combo, Hbonds
- Quarternary structure
Name each protein
Combo of each is called?
fibrous
globular
Mixed protein = myosin
What consists of phosphate group(s), 5C Carb (deoxyribose and ribose), base-containig Carbon-Nitrogen ring (purines and pyrimidines)
nucleotides
what do these 3 describe?
ADP/ATP
(adenosine = adenine + ribose)
NAD = Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide
FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide
3 energy transferring nucleotides
2 messenger molecules?
cAMP & cGMP
polymers of nucleotides?
Function of: DNA & RNA?
nucleic acids
DNA stores genetic code
RNA is needed to express genetic code
nucleic acids are bonded by? How do they bond?
Purines?
Pyrimidines?
Complementary base pairing:
G+C
A+T/U
Purines = Adenine + Guanine
Pyrimidines = Cytosine + Thymine/Uracil
RNA structure:
- contains _______
- ___ takes place of ___
- _____-stranded
Name 4 types
RNA structure:
- contains ribose
- Uracil takes place of Thymine
- single-stranded
Name 4 types: mRNA, precursor mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Cell Plasma Membrane Model? Which controls ______ of materials and cell _______?
Homeostasis requires?
Plasma membrane separates _______ (cytosol) & ________ (interstitium) environments
Membrane composed predominately of ______ layer of phospholipids
Cell Plasma Membrane Model = Fluid Mosaic Model Which controls passage of materials and cell signaling
Homeostasis requires compartmentalization
Plasma membrane separates intracellular (cytosol) & extracellular (interstitium) environments
Membrane composed predominately of double layer of phospholipids
aqueous contents of the cell that serves as medium for chemical reactions that contain ions, enzymes, nutrients, & organelles
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm contains ________: collection of protein microfilaments & microtubules that provide structure & support to the cell, aid in intracellular transport & cellular movement
cytoskeleton
Name 5 membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria
Membrane bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, degrade debris, cause apoptosis
Lysosomes
Membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative enzymes present in all cells but are very large and acive in the liver?
Peroxisomes
Membrane bound organelle that synthesizes biomolecules?
Name 2 types and their function
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth = synthesizes lipids and stores enzymes
Rough = synthesizes proteins (ribosomes)
Membrane bound organelle that processes molecules made in the ER to prepare them for transport?
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane bound organelle that is the major sites for energy production within the cell that converts food energy to ATP
Outer membrane contains _____ contour
Inner membrane contains infoldings called _______
“______ _______ of the cell”
Fluid part?
Mitochondria
Outer membrane contains smooth contour
Inner membrane contains infoldings called cristae
“Power House of the cell”
Fluid part = Matrix
_____ ______ is surrounded by nuclear membrane which supports & controls the passages of materials
Cell nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane which supports & controls the passages of materials
Nucleus contains _____; threadlike material makes up the chromosomes
Nucleus contains chromatin; threadlike material makes up the chromosomes
2 things Chromatin is composed of?
Histone proteins and DNA molecules
3 Cell to cell adhesions & describe
Tight Junctions: nearby cells
Desmosomes: gaps
Gap junctions: travel thru channel
Steps for DNA protein synthesis
___ (gene) 1._____ –> ___ (mRNA) 2._____ (tRNA) —> _____
Steps for DNA protein synthesis
DNA (gene) 1.Transcription –> RNA (mRNA) 2.Translation (tRNA) —> protein
In genetic transcription, what causes separation of the 2 strands along the region of DNA that constitues a gene?
RNA polymerase
In genetic transcription, 1 of 2 separated DNA strands serves as a _____ for RNA production
Each _____ contains 100s of nucleotides for comp base pairing
triplet = ?
In genetic transcription, 1 of 2 separated DNA strands serves as a template for RNA production
Each mRNA contains 100s of nucleotides for comp base pairing
triplet = codon
STUDY!!!
Transcription Cont.
When transcription is finished, ____ is formed and DNA joins together.
After transcription, ____ (___) is removed bc is not used for coding of proteins
_____ moves out of the nucleus
Transcription Cont.
When transcription is finished, mRNA is formed and DNA joins together.
After transcription, mRNA (introns) is removed bc is not used for coding of proteins
mRNA moves out of the nucleus
Translation:
____ leaves nucleus and attaches to either free ribosome/ribosome on ER
_____ matches specific AA to a codon
_____ moves thru ribosome and sequence of codons is translated to specific AA to form ________ ____
Translation:
mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to either free ribosome/ribosome on ER
tRNA matches specific AA to a codon
mRNA moves thru ribosome and sequence of codons is translated to specific AA to form polypeptide chain
___-________ processing is removal of introns and addition of RNA CAP and poly A tail
Post-translational processing is removal of introns and addition of RNA CAP and poly A tail
Translation of leader sequence and destination of polypeptide is translated in the ______
Translation of leader sequence and destination of polypeptide is translated in the cytosol
Proteins produced for export are produced by ____ translation in the ___
Secretory proteins are then transported to the ____ _______ which serves as:
Further modification of AA, separates proteins according to function & destination, packages proteins in vesicles + ships off
Proteins produced for export are produced by mRNA translation in the ER
Secretory proteins are then transported to the Golgi Apparatus which serves as:
Further modification of AA, separates proteins according to function & destination, packages proteins in vesicles + ships off
Protein Degradation that breaks sulfide bonds & AA to make proteins
lysosomes
Protein Degradation that are calcium activated proteases that recycle & rebuilds large skeletal muscle
calpains
Protein Degradation that takes large broken down skeletal muscle from calpases & further breakdown
Ubiquitin proteasome
Protein Degradation that takes damage from mitochondria and recycles proteins
caspases
