Chapter 2: Cell function and structure Flashcards
abduction
muscles that draw a body part, such as fingers, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or extremity. in the hand, abduction separates the fingers.
absorption
the transport of a fully digested food into the circulatory system to fee the tissues and cells
accessory nerve
also known as the eleventh cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
accessory nerve
also known as the eleventh cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
Adduction
muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward towards the median axis of the body or of an extremity. in the hand, adduction draw the fingers together.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
transports chemical energy within the cells for metabolism.
adipose tissue
a specialized connective tissue consider fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.
adrenal glands
glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health though the generation of specific hormones.
anatomy
the study of the human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organism or of their parts.
aorta
the body’s largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
arteries
thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body
arterioles
small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
auricularis muscles
the three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward.
auriculotemporal nerve
affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull
autonomic nervous system
abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.
belly
the middle part of the muscle
biceps
muscles producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
blood
nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
blood vessels
tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
body system
groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. the human body is composed of 11 major body systems.
brain
part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles and glandular activity
brain stem
the structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain
buccal nerve
affects muscles of the mouth
buccinator
the thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle.
capillaries
tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
cardiovascular system
body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of the blood throughout the body
carpus
also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments
cell membrane
part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
cells
the basic unit of all living things. responsible for carrying on all life processes.
Protoplasm
a colorless, jellylike substance in which nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present. necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair. similar to the clear gel of a raw egg.
organelles
small organs
nucleus
dense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. visualize the yolk of a raw egg.
nucleoplasm
fluid that contains proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
determines our genetic makeup, color of our eyes, skin, and hair.
mitochondria
take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cells. keep the cells full of energy (ATP) used for metabolism. small organelles floating freely throughout the cell. some cells have none (blood cells), others have many (muscle cells), (neurons or nerve cells transport nerve impulses) dont need as many.
neurons (nerve cells)
cells that trasmit nerve impulse
soluble
capable of being dissolved or liquified
mitosis
normal process of cell reproduction in human tissue that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells. the normal process of cell reproduction of human tissue.
metabolism
chemical process that takes place in living organisms. converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. also eliminates waste. allows organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environment and maintain their structure. aging influences metabolism. cells begin to function less efficiently. Skin care products will be influenced by the efficiency and speed of their metabolism.
Tissue
a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. each tissue has a specific function. There are 4 types of tissue in the body.
connective tissue
supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, facia (which separates muscles), blood, and fat (adipose tissue). collagen and elastin are protein fibers, and also part of connective tissue.
epithelial tissue
a protective lining on cavities of the body and surfaces of the organs. Skin, mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and glands.
muscle tissue
contracts and moves various the parts of the body
