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Microbiology Lecture > Chapter 2 - Cell Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

Electrostatic forces occurring between positively charged protons of one atom and negatively charged electrons of another atom that hold these atoms together within a molecule or between molecules.

A

Chemical Bonds

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1
Q

Bond that holds atoms in the same molecule together

A

Intramolecular bonds

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2
Q

Four types of intramolecular bonds

A
  1. Ionic bonds
  2. Covalent bonds
  3. Hydrogen bonds
  4. Hydrophobic interactions
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3
Q

Bonds that form between two different molecules

A

Intermolecular bonds

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4
Q

Four types of intermolecular bonds

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds
  2. Hydrophobic interactions
  3. Electrostatic (ionic) forces
  4. Van der Waals forces
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5
Q

Why do bonds form?

A
  • To become more stable
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6
Q

Atoms are stable when ……

A
  1. Electrons are in lowest possible energy levels

2. Outermost energy level is filled to the maximum

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7
Q

Bond formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic Bonds

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8
Q

How are ions formed?

A

When electrons are lost or gained

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9
Q

What disrupts forces holding ions together?

A

Electrical attraction of water molecules

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10
Q

Strong bond between where electrons are shared between atoms to fill valence shell

A

Covalent bond

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11
Q

In some compounds, _________ are formed; these increase with number of bonds

A

Single, double, and triple covalent bonds form

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12
Q

What kinds of bonds are found in biological systems?

A

Only single and double covalent bonds

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13
Q

The force of attraction of a nucleus on the electrons moving around it or for the electrons in a chemical bond

A

Electronegativity

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14
Q

Two types of covalent bonds

A
  1. Non-polar

2. Polar

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15
Q

Electrons are shared equally and there is no polarity; occurs between atoms of similar or identical electronegativity

A

Non-polar

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16
Q

Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms so there is a positive and negative pole (but the net charge is zero; not an ion); occurs between atoms with different electronegativities

A

Polar

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17
Q

Composed of all/mostly ionic bonds; generally water soluble to point of saturation

A

Ionic

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18
Q

Composed of all/mostly polar covalent bonds; generally water soluble

A

Polar

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19
Q

Composed of all/mostly non polar covalent bonds; not water soluble

A

Nonpolar

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20
Q

Composed of part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic regions; one part water soluble, other part not

A

Amphipathic

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21
Q

Composed of solute and solvent

A

Solutions

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22
Q

“Weak” bonds that forms due to electrostatic interactions between Hydrogen atoms (positive polarity) and more electron attracting (electronegative) atom (negative polarity)

A

Hydrogen Bond

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23
Q

What can a hydrogen atom be bonded with to make a hydrogen bond?

A

Nitrogen and Oxygen

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24
Q

What is the strongest type of Hydrogen bonds?

A

Multiple hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

Hydrogen bonds play a major role in the biological properties of _____ and plays a major role in the _____ and other properties of water.

A
  • Proteins

- Solubility

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26
Q

Weak bonds that occur when nonpolar molecules, or nonpolar regions of molecules, associate tightly in a polar solvent. Non polar molecules disrupt hydrogen bonding among water molecules so they are squeezed together or pushed by water molecules to minimize their volume (therefore disrupting minimum number of hydrogen bonds).

A

Hydrophobic interactions

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27
Q

Hydrophobic interactionsn play important roles in three things

A
  1. Enzymes binding substrates
  2. Protein conformation
  3. Stabilization of RNA and cell membranes
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28
Q

Weak attractive forces that occur between atoms when they become closer than 2-4 A.

A

Van der Waals

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29
Q

Van der Waals bonds form due to what?

A

Temporary polarities in atoms and molecules

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30
Q

Van der Waals forces play important roles in what three things?

A
  1. Enzymes binding substrates
  2. Protein-nucleic acid interactions
  3. Membrane fluidity
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31
Q

Groups of atoms that when bonded to organic compounds impart unique chemical properties to those compounds

A

Functional groups

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32
Q

This is a major component of al macromolecules

A

Carbon

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33
Q

Three single bonded oxygens bonded to a phosphate. One double bonded oxygen to a phosphate. One carbon single bonded to a single bonded oxygen.
- Found in what?

A

Phosphate Ester

- Nucleic acids

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34
Q

A carbon single bounded to a sulfur and doubly bonded to an oxygen.
- Biological relevance?

A

Thioester

- Energy metabolism; biosynethesis of fatty acids

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35
Q

Two carbons that have a single bond to an oxygen

- Biological relevance?

A

Ether

- Certain types of lipids

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36
Q

An oxygen doubly bonded to a carbon. And a hydroxyl group bonded singly to the carbon.
- Biological relevance?

A

-Carboxylic acid

Organic, amino, fatty acids, lipids, proteins

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37
Q

Double bonded oxygen to a carbon. Single bonded hydrogen to the carbon.
- Biological relevance?

A

Aldehyde

- Functional group of reducing sugars such as glucose; aldehydes

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38
Q

An OH group and two hydrogens bonded to a C.

- Biological relevance?

A

Alcohol

- Lipids, carbohydrates

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39
Q

Two C bonded singly to an O. One O doubly bonded to a C. Two H bonded singly to the other C.
- Biological relevance?

A
  • Ester

Triglycerides

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40
Q

Functional group that can act as an acid; make molecules more polar and more water soluble

A

Carboxyl group

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41
Q

Makes molecule an alcohol; makes molecule more polar and more water soluble

A

Hydroxyl group

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42
Q

Makes molecule an organic base; makes molecule more polar and water soluble

A

Amino group (NH2)

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43
Q

Three types of molecules

A
  1. Monomers
  2. Macromolecules
  3. Polymers
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44
Q

Small molecules that are the building blocks of larger molecules

A

Monomers

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45
Q

Large molecules

A

Macromolecules

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46
Q

Largest molecules composed of covalently bonded similar or identical monomers

A

Polymers

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47
Q

When a molecule has less than or equal to one carbon

A

Inorganic

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48
Q

When a molecule has greater or equal to two carbons

A

Organic

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49
Q

Three inorganic molecules

A
  1. Water
  2. Salts
  3. Acids/bases/buffers
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50
Q

Four organic molecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Polypeptide/proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
  5. There are others as well
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51
Q

_____ are the most abundant material besides water

A

Proteins

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52
Q

______ is the major constituent of all microbial cells (90-92%)

A

Water

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53
Q

Four major reasons why water is a good polar molecules that carries its properties

A
  1. Can form hydrogen and other bonds
  2. Good solvent for polar and ionic molecules
  3. High specific heat
  4. Exhibits cohesion and adhesion
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54
Q

Ionic compounds consisting of a cation and an anion held together by an ionic bond

A

Salts

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55
Q

____ often dissociate in water into their respective ions

A

Salts

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56
Q

Proton donors; increase concentration of H+ ions in a solution

A

Acids

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57
Q

Proton acceptors; decrease the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

A

Bases

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58
Q

Compounds that resist changes in pH by sometimes behaving like an acid, and sometimes like a base; found in all cells

A

Buffers

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59
Q

Fats, oils, sterols, other

A

Lipids

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60
Q

Three facts about lipids

A
  1. Nonpolar compounds
  2. Hydrophobic
  3. Play crucial roles in most membrane and as energy storage molecules
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61
Q

Monosaccharides, polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates

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62
Q

What are carbohydrates and what role do they play?

A
  • Polymers of sugar units bonded together by glycosidic bonds
  • Play important roles in cell walls and as energy storage molecules
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63
Q

Polymers of amino acids

A

Proteins

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64
Q

Three facts about proteins

A
  1. Most abundant macromolecules in cells
  2. Found throughout cell
  3. Have important structural and enzymatic roles
65
Q

Polymers of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

66
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of? Which is more abundant?

A

RNA and DNA

- RNA

67
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides (sugars)

A

Monomers

68
Q

Monomers are organic compounds that contain ___, ____, and _____ at a ration of ______

  • Polar molecules
  • Hydrophilic
A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

1,2,1

69
Q

Most biologically important carbohydrates have ________

A

5 or 6 carbon atoms

70
Q

Structural backbones of nucleic acids

A

Pentoses (C5 sugars)

71
Q

Monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers and energy reserves

A

Hexoses (C6 sugars)

72
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  • Energy storage

- Building blocks for polysaccharides and nucleotides

73
Q
  • Sugar

- Backbone of RNA

A

Ribose

74
Q
  • Sugars

- Backbone of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

75
Q
  • Sugar

- Energy source; cell walls

A

Glucose

76
Q
  • Sugar

- Energy source; fruit sugar

A

Fructose

77
Q

When other chemicals replace one or more of the hydroxyl groups on the sugar

A

Derivatives of simple carbohydrates

78
Q

Carbohydrates containing two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

79
Q

Carbohydrates containing three monosaccharides

A

Trisaccharides

80
Q

Carbohydrates containing several monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides

81
Q

Carbohydrates containing monomeric units (monosaccharides) connected by glycosidic bonds

A

Polysaccharides

82
Q

The covalent bonds linking adjacent sugars together

A

Glycosidic bonds

83
Q

Two possible geometric orientations of glycosidic bonds

A
  1. Alpha

2. Beta

84
Q

Configuration of bond does what?

A

Imparts different functional properties to macromolecules composed of the same building blocks

85
Q

When two monomers are joined, what is removed?

A

Water

86
Q

Polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined to each other by alpha glycosidic bonds

A

Starch

87
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Energy storage

88
Q

Polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined to each other by beta glycosidic bonds

A

Structural polysaccharide ( cellulose, chitin)

90
Q

When polysaccharides are combined with other classes of macrmolecules

A

Complex polysaccharides

91
Q

Polysaccharides + proteins

A

Glycoproteins

92
Q

Polysaccharides + lipids

A

Glycolipids

93
Q

Why are glycoproteins important?

A
  • Include eukaryotic cell surface receptor molecules

- Typically reside on external surfaces of the membrane

94
Q

Important in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria

A

Glycolipids

95
Q

Simple fats, oils, sterols, and phospholipids

A

Lipids

96
Q

Three characteristics about lipids

A
  1. Non polar and hydrophobic
  2. Composed of C, H, and O but NOT in a 1;2;1 ratio
  3. Fatty acids are major constituents of biological lipids
97
Q

Simple fats

A

Triglycerides

98
Q

What is a triglyceride composed of?

A
  • Three fatty acids
  • Three carbon alcohol
  • Glycerol
99
Q

What is the function of a triglyceride?

A

Energy storage

100
Q

In a triglyceride, what links the glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Ester bonds

101
Q

What do fatty acids consist of?

A
  • Carboxyl group

- Hydrocarbon chain

102
Q

No double bonds between carbons, straight linear molecule

A

Saturated fatty acid

103
Q

One or more double bonds between carbons in a triglyceride; bent or kinked molecule

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

104
Q

Simple lipids that contain additional elements such as phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur, or small hydrophilic organic compounds

A

Complex lipids

105
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A
  • Complex lipids containing 2 fatty acids
  • Glycerol
  • Phosphate group and something attached to the phosphate
106
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

Play a major structural role in cytoplasmic membranes; amphipathic

107
Q

Two structural lipids found in cell membranes

A
  1. Sterol

2. Hopanoid

108
Q

Found in all eukaryotes, and a very few prokaryotes

A

Sterols

109
Q

Found in many prokaryotes, but not in any eukaryotes

A

Hopanoids

110
Q

Polymer of nucleotides

A

Nucelic acids

111
Q

Polymer of deoxribonucleotides; genetic material in all cells and some viruses

A

DNA

112
Q

Polymer of ribonucleotides; plays role in protein synthesis in all cells; genetic material of most viruses

A

RNA

113
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A
  1. C5 sugar (pentose), either RNA or DNA
  2. Nitrogen Base
  3. Phosphate
114
Q

Nitrogen bases are attached to C5 sugars by ______ and bonded to a phosphate

A

N-glycosidic linkage

115
Q

Major components of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

116
Q

Three jobs of nucleotides

A
  1. Key forms of chemical energy
  2. Carriers of sugars in biosynthesis of polysaccharides
  3. Regulatory molecules for certain enzymes or metabolic events
117
Q

Two chemical classes of nitrogen bases of nucleic acids

A
  1. Purine bases

2. Pyrimidine bases

118
Q

Contain two fused heterocyclic rings

A

Purine bases

119
Q

Contain a single six membered heterocyclic ring

A

Pyrimidine bases

120
Q

Parts of purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine

121
Q

Parts of pyrimidine bases

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

122
Q

Covalent bond that connects two adjacent nucleotides on the SAME strand

A

Phosphodiester Bond

123
Q

Sequence of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule

A

Primary Structure

124
Q

Nucleic acids are what kind of molecules?

A

Amphipathic molecules

125
Q
  • Double stranded in cells, complementary strands

- Strands held together by hydrogen bonds

A

DNA

126
Q
  • Typically single stranded

- Demonstrates secondary structure (folding back upon itself)

A

RNA

127
Q

Four classes of RNA

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
  • small RNA
128
Q

Two major types of proteins

A
  1. Enzymes

2. Structural proteins

129
Q

Catalytic proteins; catalysts for chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

130
Q

Integral parts of cellular structures (such as eukaryotic chromosomes)

A

Structural proteins

131
Q

Monomers for proteins

A

Amino Acids

132
Q

What do most Amino Acids consist of?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • 2 of 22 contain Sulfur
  • 1 contains Selenium
133
Q

Amino Acids contain two important functional groups

A
  1. Carboxylic acid group

2. Amino group

134
Q

Adjacent amino acid monomers are held together by covalent bonds called _____

A

Peptide bonds

135
Q

Amino acids differ why?

A

Because of different side chains (R)

136
Q

Impart chemical properties

A

Side chains of amino acids

137
Q

Amino acids with ______ are grouped into families

A

Similar chemical properties

138
Q

Four classifications of amino acids

A
  1. Ionizable: acidic
  2. Ionizable: basic
  3. Nonionizable polar
  4. Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
139
Q

Related, but nonidentical molecules

A

Isomers

140
Q

Enantiomers (mirror image isomer); have same chemical properties but often have different physical properties

A

Optical isomers

141
Q

Enzymes capable of interconverting specific enantiomers

A

Racemases

143
Q

What is the function of structural polysaccharides?

A

Structural strength of cell walls

144
Q

Structural term meaning a series of amino acids (10s, 100s, 1000s, and 10,000s amino acids long) joined to eachother by a peptide bond

A

Polypeptide

145
Q

What bond holds a polypeptide together?

A

Peptide bond

146
Q

Each polypeptide has an amino end and a ____ end

A

Carboxyl

147
Q

A given polypeptide could be a ____ or only a ____

A
  • A whole protein

- Subunit of a protein

148
Q

A functional unit consisting of one or more polypeptides having one or more functions

A

Protein

149
Q

Linear array of amino acids in a polypeptide

A

Primary structure

150
Q

Localized folds or twists in parts of polypeptide that form a more stable structure; held together by hydrogen bonding between amino group Hydrogen and carbonyl Oxygen

A

Secondary structure

151
Q

Another name for the secondary structure of polypeptides

A

Helix

152
Q

What are secondary structures held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonding betwen amino group Hydrogen and Carbonyl Oxygen

153
Q

Overall, three dimensional shape of a polypeptide

A

Tertiary structure

154
Q

What does tertiary structure form?

A

Exposed regions or grooves in the molecules that are important for binding to other molecules

155
Q

What are tertiary structures made of?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds
  2. Electrostatic interactions
  3. Hydrophobic interactions with water
  4. Disulfide bonds
156
Q

Covalent bonds between -SH groups from two different amino acids

A

Disulfide bonds

157
Q

Overall arrangement of polypeptides in a protein; only found in proteins composed of two or more polypeptides

A

Quaternary structures

158
Q

Each polypeptide in the protein, held together by either/both covalent and noncovalent linkages

A

Subunit

159
Q

Unfolding of polypeptide chains

A

Denaturation

160
Q

Denaturation occurs because of

A
  1. Extremes of Ph
  2. High temperatures
  3. Certain chemicals
161
Q

What does protein denaturation do?

A
  1. Causes loss of biological functions

2. Can be reversible and irreversible

162
Q

Two different kinds of denaturation

A
  1. Gentle

2. Harsh

163
Q

Denaturation that occurs at 100 degrees

A

Harsh denaturation

Microbiology Lecture (5 decks)

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