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Microbiology Lecture > Chapter 1 - Intro. to Micriobology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro. to Micriobology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Acellular entities

A

Viroids, prions, virusoids, and viruses

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1
Q

The study of the biology of microorgansims

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Cellular entities

A

Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

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3
Q

Cellular entities

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes

A
  • Protozoa
  • Many algae
  • Some fungi
  • Helminthe
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5
Q

Microbiology studies the following aspects of microorgansims

A
  • Biochemisty, Morphology, Physiology, Genetics, Ecology
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6
Q

Two aspects to Microbiology

A
  1. Understanding basic life processes (Basic Science)
    - For understanding the cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms
  2. Applying the understanding of organisms for the benefit of humans
    - Microbes play important roles in medicine, agriculture ect.
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7
Q

The importance of microorganisms

A
  1. Oldest forms of life
  2. Found almost everywhere
  3. Largest mass of living material on Earth
  4. Carry out major processes for biochemical cycles
  5. Other life forms require microbes to survive
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8
Q

Where are most microbes found?

A

Oceans and soil

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9
Q

How much of the worlds biomass is composed of microbes?

A

1/3-1/2

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10
Q

Cellular microorganisms are placed in what three domains?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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11
Q

Which two domains are prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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12
Q

How are cellular microorganisms categorized?

A

Comparison of rRNA and other small subunits

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13
Q

Five facts about Bacteria

A
  1. Single celled
  2. Majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan
  3. Lack a membrane bound nucleus
  4. Ubiquitous and live in extreme conditions
  5. Cynobacteria and others produce oxygen
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14
Q

Three characteristics of Archaea?

A
  1. Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
  2. Have unique membrane lipids
  3. Many live in extreme environments
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15
Q

Two components to the domain Eukarya

A
  1. Protists

2. Fungi

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16
Q

Four different kinds of Protists

A
  1. Algae
  2. Protozoa
  3. Slime molds
  4. Water molds
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17
Q

Two different kinds of Fungi

A
  1. Yeast

2. Mold

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18
Q

Photosynthetic protists

A

Algae

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19
Q

Chemoheterotroph protists

A

Protozoa

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20
Q

Chemeoheterotrophs with two life cycle stages

A

Slime molds

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21
Q

Devastating disease in plants

A

Water molds

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22
Q

What are the UNICELLULAR and MULTICELLULAR fungi?

A 
Yeast = unicellular
Mold = multicellular
23
Q

Three Acellular infectious agents

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Viroids and Virusoids
  3. Prions
24
Q
  • Smallest of all microbes
  • Requires host cell to replicate
  • Cause range of diseases, some cancers
A

Viruses

25
Q

Infectious agents composed of RNA

A

Viroids and virusoids

26
Q

Infectious proteins

A

Prions

27
Q

What does Science do?

A
  1. Describes the world around us

2. Tries to explain what is happening

28
Q

When was Microbiology born?

A

When the connection between microorganisms and disease were made

29
Q

Who was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately.
- Used the first simple microscope

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

30
Q

Living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

A

Spontaneous generation

31
Q
  • Discredited spontaneous generation

- Showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs

A

Francesco Redi

32
Q
  • Helped disprove spontaneous generation

- Used the flask experiment

A

Louis Pasteur

33
Q

How did Pasteur conduct the flask experiment?

A

He boiled water in two flasks. Broke one neck and left one long so air could not go in. Growth of microorganims in the uncovered flask.

34
Q

What three discoveries did Pasteur make?

A
  1. Disproved spontaneous generation
  2. Demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity
  3. Developed the process of pasteruization to preserve wine for storage
35
Q

What did Pasteur and his co workers do?

A

Developed vaccinations for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

36
Q
  • Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms
  • If dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if exposed to air
  • Provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria
A

John Tyndall

37
Q

Belief that certain diseases were caused by microorganisms

A

Germ Theory

38
Q
  • Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease
  • Developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for treating instruments and surgical dressings
  • His patients had fewer postoperative infections
A

Joseph Lister

39
Q

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and andthrax and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

40
Q

Used today to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease

A

Koch’s postulates

41
Q

The four techniques Robert Koch developed for microbiology

A
  1. Agar
  2. Petri dish
  3. Nutrient broth and nutrient agar
  4. Methods for isolating microorganisms
42
Q

Koch’s Four Postulates

A
  1. Microorganisms must be present in diseased cases, but absent from healthy individuals
  2. Diseased MO must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
  3. Diseased item must be inoculated into a healthy host
  4. The same MO must be isolated again from the diseased host
43
Q

Two limitations to Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Some organisms cannot be grown in pure cultures

2. Using humans is unethical

44
Q

The 20/21st century microbiology developed in what two ways?

A
  1. Applied

2. Basic

45
Q

Major sub-disciplines of Applied Microbiology

A
  1. Medical micro and Immunology (Have roots in Kochs work)
  2. Agricultural micro and industrial micro
  3. Aquatic micro and marine micro (came from soil micro)
  4. Microbial ecology
46
Q

Basic science sub-disciplines in microbiology

A
  1. Microbial systematics
  2. Microbial physiology
  3. Microbial biochemistry
  4. Bacterial genetics
  5. Virology
47
Q

The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms

A

Microbial systematics

48
Q

Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate

A

Microbial physiology

49
Q

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

A

Microbial biochemistry

50
Q

Study of heredity and variation in bacteria

A

Bacterial genetics

51
Q

Study of viruses

A

Virology

52
Q
  • Manipulation of cellular genomes

- DNA from on organism can be inserted into a bacterium and the proteins encoded by that DNA harvested

A

Biotechnology

53
Q

Generally larger than Bacteria and Archaea

A

Protists

54
Q

Chemoheterotroph absorbers

A

Fungi

Microbiology Lecture (5 decks)

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