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Biology > Chapter 2: Cell biology and organisation > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cell biology and organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

(Function) Mitochondria

A
  • Energy released in the form of ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate)
  • Generates energy through glucose oxidation process during cell respiration
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2
Q

(Function) Centriole

A
  • Forms spindle fibres during cell division in animal cells
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3
Q

(Function) Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Processes, modifies, packs and transport chemicals such as proteins, carbohydrates & glycoprotein
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4
Q

(Function) Nucleus

A
  • Controls all cells activities
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5
Q

(Function) Ribosome

A
  • Site for protein synthesis
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6
Q

(Function) Lysosome

A
  • Breaks down bacteria & components of damaged cells

- Hydrolyses complex organic molecules such as protein, nucleic acid & lipid

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7
Q

(Function) Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • The transport system within the cell
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8
Q

(Function) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Transport protein synthesised by ribosome
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9
Q

(Function) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Synthesises & transport glycerol and lipids
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10
Q

(Function) Vacuole

A
  • Water absorbs into the vacuole and becomes turgid
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11
Q

(Function) Chloroplast

A
  • Chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight and converts it into chemical energy through photosynthesis
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12
Q

(Function) Cytoplasm

A
  • Act as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells
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13
Q

(Function) Cell wall

A
  • Mantain the shape of the cell

- Provides mechanical support to plant cell

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14
Q

Living processes in UNICELLULAR organisms

There’s 7 of them

A
  1. Movement
  2. Responding to stimuli
  3. Nutrients
  4. Respiration
  5. Growth
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
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15
Q

Living processes in UNICELLULAR organisms

What is respiration?

A
  • Exchange of oxygen & CO2 gasses occur through the plasma membrane by SIMPLE DIFFUSION on the surface of the cell
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16
Q

Living processes in UNICELLULAR organisms

Explain growth in Amoeba sp.

A
  • Amoeba sp. grow through synthesising new cytoplasm
17
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

There are 6 type of CELLS.

A
  1. Muscle cell
  2. Nerve cell
  3. White blood cell
  4. Epithelial cell
  5. Red blood cell
  6. Sperm cell
18
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Muscle cell?

A
  • Contract & relax to generate movements
19
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Nerve cell?

A
  • Sends nerve impulses
20
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is White blood cell?

A
  • Destroy pathogens
21
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Epithelial cell?

A
  • Coats the surface of the digestive track
22
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Red blood cell?

A
  • Optimize the transportation of O2
23
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is sperm cell?

A
  • Has a long tail to enable it to swim to the Fallopian tube

- The head that carries a set of male chromosomes

24
Q

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

There are 6 of them (PLANTS)

A
  1. Sieve tube element
  2. Xylem vessels
  3. Palisade mesophyll cell
  4. Spongy mesophyll cell
  5. Guard cells
  6. Root hair
25
Q

Explain sieve tube element

A
  • Transport organic materials from the leaf to the fruits (storage organ)
26
Q

Explain xylem vessel

A
  • Transport water & mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant
27
Q

Explain palisade mesophyll cell

A
  • High chlorophyll density

- The arrangement allows the maximum absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis

28
Q

Explain spongy mesophyll cell

A
  • Loosely arrange with lots of air spaces between

- Large air space allows exchange of gas from the inside of the leaves to the palisade mesophyll cells

29
Q

Explain guard cells

A
  • Controls the opening and closing of stoma
30
Q

Explain root hair

A
  • To allow the absorption of water & mineral salts

- Has long projectiles to increase the surface area for absorption of water & mineral salts

31
Q

Type of epithelial tissue

  • Thick
  • Flat
  • No holes
  • Looks like skin but not

Where can this be found?

A
  • Mouth

- Esophagus

32
Q

Type of epithelial tissue

  • Thin
  • Flat
  • No holes
  • Looks like skin but not

Where can this be found?

A
  • Lungs
  • Body cavities
  • Blood vessels
33
Q

Type of epithelial tissue

  • Thick
  • Hairy looking
  • Hole
  • Looks like carpet but not

Where can this be found?

A
  • Trachea

- Bronchus

34
Q

Type of epithelial tissue

  • Thick
  • Flat
  • holes
  • Looks like skin but not, because of the hole

Where can this be found?

A
  • small intestine
35
Q

Type of epithelial tissue

  • Round
  • Cylindrical
  • A hole in the middle
  • Looks like a long donut but not

Where can this be found?

A
  • Tubules
  • Kidney ducts
  • glands
36
Q

Type of tissues

There’s 4 types of tissues

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Epithelial
  3. Nerve
  4. Connective
37
Q

Type of muscle tissues

There’s 3

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Skeletal
  3. Cardiac
38
Q

Explain nerve tissues

A
  • made out of nerve cells / neurons
  • each neurons consist of cell body (dendrite) & nerve fibre (axon)
  • detect stimuli & send nerve impulses in the form of electrical signal to the muscles / glands
39
Q

Types of connective tissues

There’s 6

A
  1. blood tissue
  2. loose connective tissue
  3. bone
  4. fibrous connective tissue
  5. adipose tissue
  6. cartilage

Biology (2 decks)

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