Chapter 2: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Is treatment usually required for ectopic beats?
A
No, but can use beta blockers if needed
2
Q
What two things can you try and control in a patient with AF?
A
Rate and rhythm control
3
Q
In patients without life-threatening haemodynamic instability, if a patient has onset of AF less than 48 hours ago, what can be offered to the patient?
A
A- rate control
B- rhythm control
C- both
C- both
4
Q
If a patient presents with AF and the onset is more than 48 hours ago or uncertain, is it preferable to control rate or rhythm?
A
Rate
5
Q
What beta blocker should you not use in rate control for AF?
A
Sotalol
6
Q
- How can ventricular rate be controlled in AF?
2. If this does not work, what can be used?
A
- Monotherapy:
Standard beta blocker (not sotalol)
Rate limiting CCB e.g. verapamil
Diltiazem is used but unlicensed
Digoxin
- Combination of beta blocker, digoxin or diltiazem
7
Q
What group of patients should digoxin monotherapy be used for ventricular control in AF?
A
Only effective for controlling the ventricular rate at rest, so should only be used as monotherapy in sednetary (inactive) patients with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
8
Q
What is meant by paroxysmal AF?
A
Episodes come and go
9
Q
If dual ventricular rate therapy does not control symptoms in AF, what can then be considered?
A
Rhythm control
10
Q
In patients with AF and diminished ventricular function, what should be used to control rate?
A
Beta blockers that are licensed for use in heart failure and digoxin
11
Q
Post cardioversion in AF, what is used to maintain sinus rhythm?
A
Beta blocker
12
Q
What is 1st line for long term rhythm control in AF?
A
Beta blocker (not sotalol)
13
Q
If amiodarone is needed in an electrical cardioversion patient, how long before and after the procedure can they be on it for?
A
4 weeks before and up to 12 months after
14
Q
For rhythm control in AF, when what group of patients would flecainide acetetate or propafenone NOT be suitable for?
A
Known ischaemic or structural heart disease
15
Q
When would dronedarone be used in rhythm control for AF?
A
As an option for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after successful cardioversion in people with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation:
- whose atrial fibrillation is not controlled by first line therapy (usually including beta blockers), that is, as a second line treatment option and after alternative options have been considered and who have at least 1 of the following cardiovascular risk factors:
- hypertension requiring drugs of at least 2 different classes
- diabetes mellitus
- previous transient ischaemic attack, stroke or systemic embolism
- left atrial diameter of 50 mm or greater or
- age 70 years or older and
And:
who do not have left ventricular systolic dysfunction and
who do not have a history of, or current, heart failure.
(consider amiodarone in these patients)
16
Q
What group of patients would you consider amiodarone for in rhythm control for AF?
A
Left ventricular impairment or heart failure
17
Q
What 2 drugs can be used for the “pill in the pocket” approach for AF?
A
Flecainide or propafenone
18
Q
What tool do you use to assess for stroke risk in AF patients?
A
CHADVASC
19
Q
What tool do you use to assess for bleeding risk?
A
HAS BLED
20
Q
At what CHADVASC score in men would you consider anticoagulation in AF?
At what score should you offer (taking into account bleeding risk)?
A
1
2
21
Q
At what CHADVASC score in females would you consider anticoagulation to in AF?
A
2
22
Q
Is aspirin monotherapy recommended for stroke prevention in AF?
A
No
23
Q
What is the MHRA warning associated with amiodarone and hepatitis C antivirals?
A
Increased risk of bradycardia and heart block
Needs very close monitoring if used together but ideally use alternatives
24
Q
What are the key side effects of amiodarone?
A
- Corneal microdeposits (reversible upon withdrawal of treatment but can cause blindness)
- Thyroid function- amiodarone contains iodine and can cause hyper and hypothyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
- Hepatotoxicity
- Pulmonary toxicity- pneumonitis should always be suspected is new or worsening SOB occurs
- “Dazzled in light” phototoxicity
- Grey skin discolouration
- Altered taste
- Sleep disorders
- Peripheral neuropathy
25
What does amiodarone contain that could cause thryoid problems?
Iodine
26
What is the patient advice regarding amiodarone and the sun?
Patients should be instructed to avoid exposure to sun and to use protective measures during therapy as patients taking Amiodarone tablets can become unduly sensitive to sunlight, which may persist after several months of discontinuation of Amiodarone tablets. In most cases symptoms are limited to tingling, burning and erythema of sun-exposed skin but severe phototoxic reactions with blistering may be seen.
Patients need to shield their skin from light during treatment and for several months after discontinuing treatment as it has a very long half life
27
What is the main side effects with dronedarone?
Can cause/worsen heart failure so patients should seek help if symptoms of SOB, oedema, weight gain
Hepatic failure - Seek prompt medical attention if symptoms such as abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever occur
Pulmonary toxicity
28
What is the important safety information regarding sotalol and what it should be used for?
QT prolongation
Need to correct any hypokalaemia before starting
The use of sotalol should be limited to the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias or
prophylaxis of supraventricular arrhythmias. It should no longer be used for angina, hypertension,
thyrotoxicosis or for secondary prevention after myocardial infaction
29
If digoxin is being used alongside amiodarone, dronedarone or quinine, what do you do to the dose of digoxin?
Half it
30
When switching from IV to oral digoxin, how should you convert the dose?
Increase by 20-33%
31
True or false:
Hypocalcaemia increases risk of digoxin toxicity
False
Hypercalcaemia increases this risk
32
True or false:
Hyperkalaemia increases risk of digoxin toxicity
False
Hypokalaemia increases this risk
33
True or false:
Hypomagnesaemia increases risk of digoxin toxicity
True
34
Digoxin toxicity- what colour can your vision go?
Yellow
35
What is nimodipine used for?
Used in subarachnoid haemorrhage
36
What should patients immediately receive if they have a suspected TIA?
If within 4.5 hours of symptom onset, what should be given?
300mg Aspirin (2 weeks)
Alteplase
37
Within how many hours of symptom onset for TIA can a patient receive alteplase?
Within 4.5 hours
38
If a patient has been thromobylsed with alteplase for TIA, when should aspirin be given?
24 hours after
However, if the patient is not being thrombolysed- aspirin should be started immediately within 48 hours of symptom onset
39
Can warfarin be started in the acute phase of TIA?
If they are experiencing symptoms or at high risk of VTE or PE, what should the management be?
No
Parenteral anticoagulants can be used - risk vs benefit
40
Anticoagulation should be considered post stroke if the patient has AF. When should you consider aspirin before considering anticoagulation treatment?
If it is a disabling ischaemic stroke, give the aspirin 300mg for 2 weeks
Then, consider the value of anticoagulation for prevention of stroke in AF
41
If a patient experiences a disabling ischaemic stroke but has a prosthetic heart valve (and is on anticoagulation), what should happen to their anticoagulation treatment?
Stopped for 7 days and substituted with aspirin
42
Treatment of hypertension in the acute phase of TIA can result in what?
In what situations would you want to lower the blood pressure?
Reduced cerebral perfusion
Only lower the blood pressure if:
- Hypertensive emergency (>180/110mmHg)
- In patients considered for thrombolysis
43
Following an ischaemic stroke (not associated with AF), what long term treatment is recommended?
Clopidogrel
Statin started 48 hours after stroke symptom onset
44
Long term management post ischaemic stroke:
If clopidogrel is contraindicated or not tolerated, what can patients have instead?
Modified-release dipyridamole in combination with aspirin
45
Is long term aspirin monotherapy recommended post ischaemic stroke?
No - only in combination with dipyridamole
46
Is long term MR dipyridamole monotherapy recommended post ischaemic stroke?
No - only in combination with aspirin
47
When should long term anticoagulation be considered post ischaemic stroke?
ONLY if the patient has AF
Should not be used for the general long-term prevention of recurrent stroke
48
When should a statin be started post ischaemic stroke?
What about if their cholesterol levels are in range?
48 hours after symptom onset
Regardless of their cholesterol levels, a statin should be initiated
49
How long should a patient be on high dose aspirin post ischaemic stroke?
300mg 2 weeks
50
How do you manage someone in the acute phase of haemorrhagic stroke?
Supportive measures e.g. blood pressure, fluids
51
If a patient has had a haemorrhagic stroke, at what systolic BP would you initiate antihypertensive treatment?
Over 200 mmHg
52
What are the 3 vitamin K antagonists?
Warfarin
Acenocoumarol (sinthrome)
Phenindione
53
When would you have a target INR of 3.5?
Recurrent DVT/PE in patients receiving anticoagulation and with an INR > 2
Mechanical prosthetic heart valves
54
How long should a patient be anticoagulated for following an isolated calf DVT?
6 weeks
55
How long should a patient be anticoagulated for following a VTE provoked by a risk factor e.g. surgery, oral contraceptive?
3 months
56
What is the reversal agent for warfarin?
Phytomenadione (vitamin K)
57
If a patient is on warfarin and needs surgery straight away, what should be given?
Phytomenadione and dried prothrombin complex
58
Is aspirin recommended in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?
No
59
When is aspirin indicated as cardiovascular disease prevention?
Secondary prevention
| Not primary
60
What is the cut off point for CrCl in apixaban?
Avoid if CrCl < 15 mL/min
61
When do you reduce dose in apixaban in terms of CrCl?
15-29 mL/min - reduce dose to 2.5 mg BD for stroke prophylaxis in AF
62
When do you reduce dose of apixaban in terms of weight?
<61 kg - reduce dose to 2.5 mg BD for stroke prophylaxis in AF
63
If a patient on warfarin has a major bleed, what do you do?
Stop warfarin and give phytomenadione by slow IV
Give dried prothrombin complex
Can give fresh frozen plasma but this is less effective
64
Warfarin patient:
If their INR > 8 and has minor bleeding, what do you do?
When would you restart warfarin?
Give phytomenadione (vitamin K1) by slow intravenous injection; repeat dose of phytomenadione if INR still too high after 24 hours
Restart warfarin when INR <5.0
65
Warfarin patient:
If their INR > 8 but no bleeding, what do you do?
When would you restart warfarin?
Give phytomenadione (vitamin K1) by mouth (using injection solution- unlicensed) Repeat dose of phytomenadione if INR still too high after 24 hours
Restart warfarin when INR <5.0
66
Warfarin patient:
| If their INR is 5-8 and has minor bleeding, what do you do?
Stop warfarin sodium; give phytomenadione (vitamin K1) by slow intravenous injection
Restart warfarin sodium when INR <5.0
67
Warfarin patient:
| If their INR is 5-8 and has no bleeding, what do you do?
Withhold 1 or 2 doses of warfarin sodium and reduce subsequent maintenance dose
68
How many days before is warfarin usually stopped before elective surgery?
If they are at high risk of clot e.g. VTE in last 3 months, AF with previous stroke, what would you do?
5 days
Bridge with LMWH and stop this 24 hours before surgery
69
If a patient who carries high risk of thromboembolism is on LMWH and is having surgery that carries high risk of bleeding, when should the LMWH be restarted?
At least 48 hours after
70
Does unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin have a shorter duration of action?
Unfractionated
71
What is the only DOAC that has a reversal agent?
Dabigatran
72
What is the reversal agent for dabigatran?
Idarucizumab
73
Are DOACs recommended in patients with prosthetic heart valves?
No- efficacy has not been established
74
Can apixaban be crushed?
Yes- mix with water or apple juice/puree
75
Is apixaban once or twice daily dosing?
Twice daily
76
Is edoxaban once or twice daily dosing?
Once daily
77
If a patient is taking one of the following drugs:
- ciclosporin
- dronedarone
- erythromycin
- ketoconazole
And needs to be on edoxaban, what is the maximum daily dose?
30mg OD
78
What DOACs are black triangle drugs?
Rivaroxaban and edoxaban
79
When would you reduce the dose of edoxaban in renal impairments?
15-50 mL/min
Max 30mg OD
80
What is the cut off point for renal impairment for edoxaban?
Avoid if < 15mL/min
81
When do you reduce dose of edoxaban in terms of weight?
<61 kg reduce to 30mg OD
82
What is the cut off point for renal impairment for rivaroxaban?
Avoid if < 15mL/min
83
Can rivaroxaban be crushed?
Yes in water/apple juice or puree
84
What can rivaroxaban be used for in ACS patients?
Prophylaxis of atherothrombotic events following an ACS with elevated cardiac biomarkers
Combined with aspirin alone or with clopidogrel too
--
85
Which DOAC should be taken with food?
Rivaroxaban
86
Which DOAC cannot be put in a blister pack?
Dabigatran
87
What is the cut off point for renal impairment for dabigatran?
Avoid if < 30 mL/min
88
When would you reduce dose of dabigatran in renal impairment?
30-50 mL/min
89
What is the advice around a patient on dabigatran who is taking one of the following:
- Verapamil
- Amiodarone
Reduce dabigatran dose
Take doses at the same time
90
What are the main side effects of heparins?
Thrombocytopenia
Haemorrhage
Hyperkalaemia
91
When do you take anti factor Xa levels?
3-4 hours after dose
92
Are multidose or single vials of dalteparin and enoxaparin recommended in pregnancy and why?
Single vials
Multidose vials contain benzyl alcohol
93
What is the MHRA warning associated with Vit K antagonists and hepatitis C antivirals?
Changes in liver function (secondary to antivirals for hep C) may effect efficiacy of Vit K antagonists so INR should be closely monitored
94
In what trimesters of pregnancy are Vit K antagonists particularly dangerous?
1st and 3rd
95
What is the MHRA warning associated with warfarin?
Calciphylaxis - patient should consult doctor if they develop a painful skin rash. (Calcification of the small blood vessels located within the fatty tissue and deeper layers of the skin)
Particularly in those with end stage renal failure
96
Are DOACs licensed in cancer patients?
No
97
Are DOACs licensed in antiphospholipid syndrome?
No
98
When would a warfarin patient need to seek medical help with a nose bleed?
> 10 mins or heavy bleeding
99
When would a warfarin patient need to seek medical help with a cut?
Bleeding > 30 mins or heavy bleeding
100
If a warfarin patient is experiencing heavier periods than usual, what should they do?
Seek medical help
101
If a warfarin patient has hit their head/ had an accident but seem fine, what should they do?
Seek medical help, always get it checked out to rule out bleed on brain
102
Do DOACs interact with alcohol?
No
103
Which DOAC has the least risk of GI bleed?
Apixaban
104
Do DOACs or warfarin carry higher GI bleed risk?
DOACs (apart from apixaban which has same risk as warfarin)
105
What juice interacts with warfarin and should therefore be avoided?
Cranberry
106
What is the max time a warfarin patient should go without having their INR checked?
12 weeks
107
What sort of AF are DOACs licensed in?
Non valvular
108
What is valvular AF?
AF + artificial heart valve
| Mitral stenosis
109
What would you use for prophylaxis of stroke in valvular patients?
Vit K antagonists
| Not DOACs
110
Why is missing a DOAC dose more dangerous than missing a warfarin dose?
DOACs have a shorter half life
111
What is classed as stage 1 hypertension?
When would you treat?
Clinic 140/90 mmHg or higher
and daytime average of 135/85 mmHg or higher
```
If under 80 with:
Target organ damage, CKD, retinopathy
QRISK 20% or more
Renal disease
Diabetes
```
112
What is classed as stage 2 hypertension?
Would this need treatment?
Clinic 160/100 mmHg or higher
and daytime average of 150/95 mmHg or higher
Treat all
113
What is classed as severe hypertension?
Would this need treatment and how?
Clinic systolic of at least 180 mmHg or clinic diastolic of at least 110 mmHg
Yes:
Hypertensive emergency (acute target organ damage) - IV drugs to reduce BP slowly (otherwise risk of hypoperfusion)
```
Hypertensive urgency (without organ damage)
Oral BP meds to reduce slowly over 24-48 hours
```
114
What is the target blood pressure for patients under 80 years including diabetes with no additional disease?
Clinic of below 140/90 mmHg
Average home of 135/85 mmHg
115
What is the target blood pressure in those with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease/diabetes (with related disease e.g. kidney, eye)?
130/80 mmHg
116
What is step 1 in a patient under 55 years with hypertension?
If these are not tolerated or contraindicated, what would be an alternative?
ACEi
if not tolerated ARB
Beta blocker
117
What is step 2 in a patient under 55 years with hypertension?
ACEi/ARB and CCB
118
What is step 3 in a patient under 55 years with hypertension?
ACEi/ARB combined with CCB and thiazide like diuretic
119
What is step 4 (resistant) in a patient under 55 years with hypertension?
Add in beta blocker/alpha blocker/further diuretic
Spironolactone if potassium if fine, but if potassium is high (>4.5) use a high dose thiazide related diuretic
120
What is step 1 in a patient over 55 years/Black or Carribbean with hypertension?
If not tolerated, what can be used?
CCB
Thiazide like diuretic - indapamide
121
What is step 2 in a patient over 55 years/Black or Carribbean with hypertension?
CCB and ACEi/ARB
122
What is step 3 and 4 in a patient over 55 years/Black or Carribbean with hypertension?
Same as under 55 years
ACEi/ARB combined with CCB and thiazide like diuretic
Add in beta blocker/alpha blocker/further diuretic
Spironolactone if potassium if fine, but if potassium is high (>4.5) use a high dose thiazide diuretic
123
What antihypertensive drugs are safe to use in pregnancy?
Labetalol
Methyldopa
MR nifedipine (unlicensed)
124
If a woman (who previously had hypertension) was switched to methyldopa during pregnancy, when should she resume her original antihypertensive treatment?
Within 2 days of birth
125
What is a hypertensive emergency?
Severe hypertension with acute organ damage
126
How do you treat a hypertensive emergency?
IV nicardipine, labetolol
127
When can minoxidil be used in hypertension?
What is the problem with this and what other drugs must the patient be on?
Resistant- when other drugs have failed
Tachycardia and fluid retention
Addition of beta blocker to counteract tachycardia and duretic (usually furosemide in high dosage) to help with fluid and electrolyte balance = mandatory
128
Systemic minoxidil is unsuitable for what gender and why?
Females as it causes XS hair growth (hypertrichosis)
129
What are the 3 centrally acting antihypertensive drugs?
Methyldopa
Clonidine
Moxonidine
130
What kind of drug is prazosin and what is the associated problem with it after the first dose?
Alpha blocker and vasodilator
| Can reduce BP rapidly after the first dose, so needs to be introduced with caution
131
What should you monitor if patient is on ACEi/ARB and potassium sparing diuretic?
Potassium levels- increased risk of hyperkalaemia
132
Are ACEis recommended in people with renal artery stenosis?
No
133
What should you monitor if patient is on ACEi and loop diuretic?
Blood pressure
ACEi can cause a rapid fall in BP, and so can loops if high dose
134
Under specialist supervision, what two ARBs are licensed alongside ACEi and what for?
Candesartan and valsartan for management of heart failure when other treatments are unsuitable
135
When are beta blockers contraindicated?
2nd or 3rd degree heart block
Asthma and COPD (especially poorly controlled- if needed, use cardioselective one)
Worsening unstable heart failure
Severe hypotension or bradycardia
136
If a beta blocker is needed in asthma/COPD, what type of beta blocker should be used?
Cardioselective
137
What are the cardioselective beta blockers?
```
Bisoprolol
Acetabutol
Metoprolol
Atenolol
Nebivolol
```
138
What is the advantage of water soluble beta blockers over lipid soluble ones?
Does not cross BBB so less likely to cause sleep disturbances and nightmares
139
What are the side effects of beta blockers?
```
Fatigue
Coldness of extremities (Raynaud's phenomenon)
Sleep disturbances (if lipid soluble)
Bradycardia
Bronchospasm
Hypo/hyperglycaemia
```
140
Beta blockers are cautioned in diabetic patients. What kind of beta blockers are preferred in diabetic patients and why?
Cardioselective ones as beta blockers can alter glucose control
141
What beta blockers have additional vasodilatory effects?
Labetlol
Nebivolol
Celiprolol
Carvedilol
Can lower peripheral resistance
142
What is the advice surrounding treatment cessation of beta blockers?
Patients are advised to not stop abruptly
Can cause rebound myocardial ischaemia
Gradual reduction is recommended
143
Is carvedilol a cardioselective beta blocker?
No
144
What is the main organ (and related function tests) that should be monitored if on labetalol therapy?
Liver
Can cause severe liver injury even after short term treatment
145
What is a disadvantage of water soluble beta blockers in renal impairment?
Excreted via the kidneys so requires dose reduction in renal impairment
146
What two CCBs are contraindicated in heart failure?
Verapamil and diltiazem
147
What group of cardiac drugs commonly causes peripheral oedema?
CCBs
148
Hypokalaemia is associated with what types of diuretics?
Loop and thiazide
149
In hepatic failure, hypokalaemia caused by diuretics can result in what?
Encephalopathy
150
Thiazide diuretics can exacerbate what conditions?
Diabetes
Gout
Systemic lupus erythematosus
151
What is the cut off point regarding renal impairment in thiazides and why?
Below 30 mL/min as they are no longer effective
152
What are the main side effects of ACEis?
```
Angioedema
Hyperkalaemia
Renal impairment
Hypotension
Hepatitis and hepatic failure
Cholestatic jaundice
Dry cough
```
153
For ACEis, when should the first dose be given?
Bedtime
154
Aliskren is what type of drug and what is it licensed for?
Renin inhibitor
Essential hypertension
155
What is essential hypertension?
Otherwise known as primary hypertension
| When there is no clear cause behind the hypertension
156
When is aliskren contraindicated in combination with ACEi/ARB?
If eGFR <60
Or in patients with diabetes
However, this combination is generally not recommended due to increased risk of hypotension, hyperkalaemia etc
157
What kind of drug is hydralazine?
Vasodilator
158
What drugs are used in pulmonary hypertension?
```
Epoprostenol
Sildenafil
Tadalafil
Selexipag
Iloprost
Ambrisentan
Bosentan
Macitentan
```
159
What is the MHRA warning regarding riociguat for pulmonary hypertension?
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
160
What is first line for heart failure?
ACEi and beta blocker
| ARB if ACEi not tolerated
161
If a heart failure patient remains symptomatic on ACEi and beta blocker, what can be added?
However if showing signs of breathlessness and fluid overload, loop diuretics should be used
If symptomatic despite optimal first line treatment, an aldosterone antagonist e.g. spironolactone can be added
162
When would eplerenone be used over spironolactone?
In males getting oestrogen-like side effects
Or in chronic heart failure after acute myocardial infarction
163
When can you add in ivabradine to heart failure treatment?
After ACEi, beta blocker and aldosterone antagonist (on this for at least 4 weeks)
In sinus rhythm with heart rate of 75 bpm or more
164
When can you add in digoxin to heart failure treatment?
If it is worsening heart failure and other combinations have not worked
Patient needs to be in sinus rhythm
Routine monitoring of serum levels is not recommended in patients with heart failure
165
For heart failure patients who are fluid overloaded, what can be added?
Loop or thiazide
166
Is sacubitril valsartan a black triangle drug?
Yes
167
When should you use sacubitril valsartan?
Chronic heart failure that LEVF <35% (can already be taking stable dose of ACE or ARB)
However, need to stop any ACEis or ARBs patient is on
Started by specialist
168
Are there established guidelines for preserved (right sided) heart failure?
No- existing guidelines are for left sided (reduced ejection fraction) heart failure
169
What vaccines are recommended in heart failure patients?
Flu vaccine annually
| Pneumococcal (once only)
170
What assessment tool is used for determining if someone needs to go on a statin for primary prevention?
QRISK2
| Measures 10 year risk of cardiovascular disease
171
What QRISK2 % would indicate someone should go on a statin?
10%
172
What are the high intensity statins and what doses?
Atorvastatin 20mg OD or higher
Rosuvastatin 10mg OD or higher
Simvastatin 80mg OD
173
What is the highest intensity statin (and dose)?
Atorvastatin 80mg OD
174
What statin recommended for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?
Atorvastatin 20mg OD (unlicensed at this starting dose)
| Dose can be increased if necessary
175
What statin recommended for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease?
Atorvastatin (unlicensed)
176
True or false:
| All patients with diabetes should be considered for a statin
True
| 20mg atorvastatin
177
If a patient still has high cholesterol after max dose of statin, what should be added?
Another lipid regulating drug e.g. ezetimibe
178
Which of the following are most effective at reducing triglycerides:
Fibrates
Statins
Ezetimibe
Fibrates
179
What group of lipid regulating drugs are the most effective at reducing LDL cholesterol?
Statins
180
When would you add a fibrate to statin therapy?
If triglycerides remain high even after the LDL-cholesterol concentration has been reduced adequately.
181
What is the MHRA advice regarding high dose (80mg) simvastatin?
Increased risk of myopathy
182
What is 1st line for familial hypercholesterolaemia?
High intensity statin
183
Patients with primary heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia who have contra-indications to, or are intolerant of statins, can be considered for treatment with what?
Ezetimibe as monotherapy
184
The combination of a statin and fibrate carries the risk of what?
Muscle related side effects
185
What is the problem with bile acid sequestrants in lowering cholesterol?
Even though they effectively reduce LDL, they can aggravate hypertriglyceridaemia
186
What type of drug is colesevelam and colestipol?
Bile acid sequesterant
187
What is the advice surrounding bile acid sequesterants if a patient is on other medication?
Avoid taking other drugs at the same time
188
What is the caution surrounding statins and thyroid function?
Hypothyroidism needs to be appropriately managed before starting
Hypothyroidism may cause high cholesterol and treating this will lower cholesterol without the need for statins
189
What are the side effects of statins?
Muscle myopathy
Interstitial lung disease - if patient develops SOB, cough, weight loss, seek medical attention
Hepatic disorders- LFTs needed before starting treatment
Can cause diabetes in those at risk- but should not be discontinued if blood glucose is high as benefit outweighs risk
190
What creatine kinase level is concerning in a statin patient?
If it is 5 x upper limit of normal
191
What is the max dose of atorvastatin if a patient is on ciclosporin?
10mg OD
192
What kind of stroke is atorvastatin cautioned in?
Haemorrhagic
Higher incidence of this type of stroke
193
What is the max dose of simvastatin if combined with bezafibrate or ciprofibrate?
10mg OD
194
What is the max dose of simvastatin if combined with amiodarone?
20mg OD
195
What is the max dose of simvastatin if combined with amlodipine?
20mg OD
196
What is the max dose of simvastatin if combined with diltiazem/verapamil?
20mg OD
197
What is the max dose of simvastatin if combined with ticagrelor?
20mg OD
198
What kind of juice should be avoided in patients on a statin?
Grapefruit
199
Acute attacks of stable angina should be managed with what?
Sublingual GTN
200
If a patient is on GTN for attacks of stable angina, when is regular drug therapy indicated?
If attacks occur more than twice a week
201
After GTN, how is stable angina managed?
Beta blocker or CCB. Diltiazem or verapamil are more effective than other CCBs
202
In stable angina, if a beta blocker or CCB monotherapy fails to control symptoms, what should you do?
Combination of beta blocker and dihydropyridine CCB e.g. amlodipine
(Not diltiazem or verapamil due to increased risk of hypotension and bradycardia with beta blocker)
203
When is a long acting nitrate indicated in stable angina?
What can alternatively be added?
If the following steps have not controlled symptoms:
1. GTN
2. Add in beta blocker/CCB
3. Combine beta blocker and CCB therapy
Other options:
Ivabradine, nicorandil, ranolazine can be added in OR monotherapy if beta blockers and CCBs are not tolerated/contraindicated
204
True or false:
Stable angina medication should be titrated according to symptom control to the maximum tolerated dose
True
205
How often should response to stable angina treatment be monitored?
Every 2-4 weeks
206
What are the requirements for an individual starting on ivabradine for stable angina?
Needs to be in normal sinus rhythm and heart rate of 70 bpm or over
207
What interacts with ivabradine?
CYP3A4 inhibitors
208
What drugs are contraindicated alongside ivabradine?
Diltiazem, clarithromycin, erythromycin, verapamil
209
Does ranolazine prolong QT interval?
Yes
210
Does ivabradine prolong QT interval?
Yes
211
What is the MHRA alert with nicorandil?
Can cause skin/mucosal/eye ulceration including GI ulcers. Stop if this occurs and consider alternative
212
What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?
Stable angina (more common) – attacks have a trigger (such as stress or exercise) and stop within a few minutes of resting
Unstable angina (more serious) – attacks are more unpredictable (they may not have a trigger) and can continue despite resting
213
ACS is an umbrella term for what 3 conditions?
Unstable angina
NSTEMI
STEMI
214
What is the difference between STEMI and NSTEMI?
STEMI results in irreversible damage of the heart muscle
NSTEMI can progress to STEMI
215
Are lower or higher doses of thiazide diuretics preferable in hypertension?
Lower doses produce maximal/near maximal BP lowering effect
| Higher doses have little advantage over BP lowering but causes more biochemical disturbances
216
What are the preferred thiazide like diuretics in hypertension?
Indapamide and chlortalidone
Some patients still take bendro although this is no longer considered first line
217
Should potassium supplements be given with potassium sparing diuretics and aldosterone antagonists?
No
218
What type of diuretic is mannitol and when is it used?
Osmotic that can be used to treat cerebral oedema and raised intra-ocular pressure
219
What group of patients are particularly susceptible to side effects of diuretics?
Elderly so lower initial doses used
220
If a patient has an enlarged prostate and is on a loop diuretic, what can occur?
Urinary retention
221
Diuretics increase the risk of what in alcoholic cirrhosis?
Hypomagnesaemia and therefore arrhythmias
222
Can beta blockers be used with verapamil and diltiazem?
No- severe interaction
| Bradycardia and hypotension risk
223
How does atorvastatin interact with diltiazem and verapamil?
Increases exposure of atorvastatin so increased risk of myopathy
Adjust atorvastatin dose and monitor
224
What is the MHRA advice surrounding ivabradine?
- Monitor for symptoms of bradycardia and do not prescribe with other medicines that cause
bradycardia, eg, verapamil or diltiazem
-If heart rate reduces to less than 50 bpm, a dose reduction can be considered or drug stopped if
this persists
- Monitor regularly for signs of atrial fibrillation
- Consider stopping if no or only limited improvement after three months
225
Does ranolazine interact with simvastatin? If so, what should be done?
Increases exposure of simvastatin, so statin dose should be adjusted
Or Change to atorvastatin (although interaction is still present, manufacturer does not give dose adjustment advice)
226
What is the target blood pressure in a pregnant lady with uncomplicated chronic hypertension?
<150/90mmHg
227
What is 1st line for gestational hypertension
What are alternatives?
Labetalol
Methyldopa, MR nifedipine
228
Although labetalol is used in pregnancy for hypertension, in what group of patients should it not be used in it it can be helped?
Asthmatics
| --
229
Aspirin is often given to pregnancy who are at a high risk of pre-eclampsia after week 12 of pregnancy. Is this a licensed indication?
No
230
What is the difference between hypertensive emergency and hypertensive urgency?
hypertensive emergency is defined as severe hypertension (>180/110mmHg) with acute organ
damage
A hypertensive urgency is defined as severe hypertension with NO acute organ damage.
231
Sudden withdrawal of clonidine can result in what?
Rebound hypertension
232
What type of drug is chlortalidone?
Thiazide like diuretic
233
For step 2 treatment in hypertension in Afro and Caribbean patients, is an ACEi or an ARB preferred?
ARB
234
What is the risk of starting a patient on ACEi and diuretic?
Electrolyte imbalances
| May cause a very quick fall in BP
235
What are examples of water soluble beta blockers? (CANS acronym)
Celiprolol, Atenolol, Nadolol, Sotalol
236
What is the most cardioselective CCB?
Verapamil
237
What two CCBs should not be used in unstable angina?
Amlodipine and nifedipine
238
What CCB should you take 30-60 minutes before food?
Lercanidipine
239
What kind of drug is indapamide?
Thiazide like diuretic
Usually used in preference for earlier stages of hypertension over a thiazide diuretic e.g. bendro
240
What kind of drug is metolazone?
Thiazide like diuretic
241
What age is nebivolol licensed for in heart failure?
70 years and over
242
Thiazides are ineffective in an EGFR of what?
What is the exception to this?
< 30
Metolazone but this is associated with excessive risk of diuresis
243
Aldosterone antagonists are contraindicated in what condition?
Addison's Disease
244
Should spironolactone be taken with food?
Yes- with or just after food
245
What kind of drug is amiloride?
Potassium sparing diuretic
246
What diuretic can cause urine to look blue under certain lights?
Triamterene
247
True or false:
Statins should be considered for all Type 1 diabetic patients, especially if over 40 years
True
248
What is the aim of treatment for statin use in primary and secondary prevention for cholesterol levels?
The aim of treatment is to reach a non-HDL concentration of greater than 40% or target non-HDL cholesterol concentration below 2.5 mmol/litre
Increase statin dose if this is not achieved
249
Are fibrates recommended in primary and secondary prevention?
No
250
What cholesterol lowering drug class is first line for high cholesterol?
Statins
251
What cholesterol lowering drug class is first line for primary and secondary prevention?
Statins
252
What is the problem with using gemfibrozil and a statin together?
Severe interaction- avoid
| Risk of rhabdo
253
What is the aim of treatment for statin use in familial hypercholesterolaemia for cholesterol levels?
The dose of the statin should be titrated to achieve a reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentration of greater than 50% from baseline.
254
What dose of simvastatin is classed as high intensity?
80mg daily
255
What dose of atorvastatin is classed as high intensity?
20mg daily
256
What dose of rosuvastatin is classed as high intensity?
40mg daily
257
If a patient was prescribed systemic (oral) fusidic acid and was regularly on a statin, what would you do?
Suspend statin
| Statin therapy may be re-introduced seven days after the last dose of fusidic acid.
258
If a patient was prescribed macrolides and was regularly on a statin, what would you do?
Suspend statin during antibiotic treatment
259
What is the max dose of simvastatin you can have if taken with amlodipine?
20mg daily
260
What is the recommendation with statins during pregnancy or if the patient is wishing to conceive?
Statins should be avoided in pregnancy (discontinue 3 months before attempting to conceive) as congenital anomalies have been reported
261
What is a main side effect of nitrates?
Headaches and postural hypotension
262
True or false:
You can develop tolerance with nitrate use
True
Reducing the nitrate concentration in the blood for 4 to 8
hours each day usually maintains effectiveness e.g. by giving twice daily
preparations after 8 hours then after 16 hours.
263
On an aspirin prescription, if no strength is stated what does the BP direct to do?
Dispense the 300mg
264
What is the antidote for overdose of unfractionated heparin and LMWH?
Protamine sulphate
265
When would verapamil be preferred over adenosine in supraventricular arrhythmias?
In asthmatics
266
What is the storage requirements for GTN tablets?
GTN tablets should be supplied in glass
containers of not more than 100 tablets, closed with a foil-lined cap, and containing
no cotton wool wadding (i.e. the original container). They should be discarded after 8
weeks.
267
What is the the advice regarding how to take GTN spray and when to seek medical attention?
400–800 micrograms (1-2 sprays), to be administered under the tongue and then close mouth, dose may be repeated at 5 minute intervals if required; if symptoms have not resolved after 3 doses, medical attention should be sought
268
What is the oral loading dose regimen for amiodarone in arrhythmias?
200mg TDS for 1 week
Then 200mg BD for 1 week
Then 200mg OD maintenance
269
What is the CHADVASC score along with its associated points?
```
Congestive heart failure - 1
Hypertension - 1
Age (75 years and above) - 2
Diabetes - 1
Stroke/Thromboembolism - 2
Vascular disease - MI, peripheral artery disease - 1
Age 65-74 years - 1
Sex (female) - 1
```
270
What does HAS BLAD stand for?
Each has 1 point:
```
Hypertension
Abnormal renal/liver function
Stroke
Bleeding tendency
Labile INR
Age > 65
Drugs that could cause bleeding or alcohol
```
271
When should digoxin levels be taken?
6 hours or more post dose
272
What is the MHRA warning on hydrochlorothiazide?
Risk of non-melanoma skin cancer, particularly in long-term use
273
In what situations would you reassess using warfarin for anticoagulation (INR ranges)?
2 INR values higher than 5 in the last 6 months
1 INR value higher than 8 in the last 6 months
Time in therapeutic range < 65%
274
Amiodarone IV should be put in what fluid and why?
Glucose
| It is incompatible with sodium chloride
275
Warfarin is stopped 5 days before elective surgery. At what INR would you administer phytomenadione the day before?
If INR is 1.5 or above, give phytomenadione
276
Post surgery, if a warfarin patient is haemodynamically stable, when can their warfarin be restarted?
Evening of surgery or day after
277
When should ACEi and ARBs be stopped before surgery?
| Why is it recommended that they are stopped?
24 hours before - don't give the morning of
| Can be associated with severe hypotension after induction of anaesthesia
278
When should potassium sparing diuretics be stopped before surgery and why?
The morning of surgery
| Hyperkalaemia may develop if renal perfusion is impaired or if there is tissue damage
279
When should loop diuretics be stopped before surgery?
Don't give the morning of
280
If a patient is on LMWH and required epidural, how should this be managed?
i) prophylactic dose
ii) treatment dose
i) Prophylactic dose - stop at least 12 hours before
ii) Treatment dose- stop at least 24 hours before
Risk of neuraxial haematoma
281
In pregnant women with target-organ damage as a result of chronic hypertension, and in women with chronic hypertension who have given birth, what is their target BP?
<140/90 mmHg
282
Which cardio drug class can cause gingival hyperplasia (gum overgrowth)?
CCBs
283
True or false:
Routine digoxin monitoring is recommended in heart failure patients
False
284
What monitoring requirements are needed with amiodarone and when?
What additional precautions are needed for IV administration?
1. Thyroid function tests before treatment and then every 6 months
NB- clinical assessment of thyroid function is unreliable (T4, T3 and TSH should all be measured)
2. LFTs before treatment and then every 6 months
3. Potassium concentration before treatment - hypokalaemia monitoring
4. Chest X-Ray before treatment
IV use - requires ECG monitoring and resuscitation facilities need to be available
285
How does warfarin and amiodarone interact?
Amiodarone inhibits warfarin metabolism - enhanced anticoagulation
286
How does amiodarone interact with beta blockers?
Increased risk of bradycardia, AV block and myocardial depression
287
How does amiodarone interact with lithium?
Risk of ventricular arrhythmias
288
How does amiodarone interact with digoxin?
Plasma concentration of digoxin increased by amiodarone
289
Is digoxin a positive or negative ionotrope?
Positive - increases the force of myocardial contraction and reduces conductivity within the AV node
290
What is the desired digoxin level?
1-2mcg/L
291
How does digoxin interact with eythromycin?
Digoxin concentration increased as erythromycin is an enzyme inhibitor
292
How does digoxin interact with rifampicin?
Digoxin concentration decreased as rifampicin is an enzyme inducer
293
How does digoxin interact with St John's Wort?
Digoxin concentration decreased as St John's Wort is an enzyme inducer
294
How does digoxin interact with loop and thiazide diuretics?
Increased toxicity risk - hypokalaemia
295
How does digoxin interact with CCBs?
Digoxin concentration increased by CCBs
296
True or false:
| Warfarin is highly protein bound
True
297
Can you use warfarin in severe renal impairment?
Yes but need to monitor INR more frequently
298
How does warfarin interact with NSAIDs?
Increased anticoagulation effect
299
How does warfarin interact with fluconazole?
Increased anticoagulation effect
300
How does warfarin interact with statins?
Increased anticoagulation effect
301
How does warfarin interact with ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, erythromycin?
Increased anticoagulation effect
302
How does warfarin interact with griseofulvin?
Decreased anticoagulation effect
303
How does warfarin interact with St John's Wort?
Decreased anticoagulation effect
304
How does warfarin interact with antiepileptics?
Decreased anticoagulation effect
305
How does warfarin interact with cranberry juice?
Anticoagulant effect enhanced by cranberry juice
306
Which of these drugs is not associated with ototoxicity?
```
Loop diuretics
Aminoglycosides
Aspirin
Calcium channel blockers
CCBs
```
307
In what condition is spironolactone contraindicated in?
Addison's
| as it is an aldosterone antagonist
308
Which of these drug classes carries the risk of hypoglycaemia unawareness?
Alpha blockers
ACEis
Beta blockers
Beta blockers
They can mask the symptoms of hypoglycaemia that would otherwise be detected by the patient
309
What is the MOA of class 1 antiarrythmics?
Sodium channel blockers
310
What is the MOA of class 2 antiarrythmics?
Beta blockers
311
What is the MOA of class 3 antiarrythmics?
Potassium channel blockers
312
What is the MOA of class 4 antiarrythmics?
Calcium channel blockers
313
What is the target blood pressure for patients 80 years and older?
Clinic - 150/90
| Home- 145/85 mmHg for people aged 80 years and over.
314
If AF has been present for more than 48 hours, what procedure is preferred?
What anticoagulation length is recommended?
Electrical cardioversion
Needs to be orally anticoagulated 3 weeks before and then 4 weeks after cardioversion
315
Before an electrical cardioversion for AF, it is recommended that the patient is orally anticoagulated 3 weeks before and then 4 weeks after the procedure.
If this is not possible, what is an alternative?
Parenteral anticoagulation
Left arterial thrombus needs to be ruled out immediately before the procedure
Oral anticoagulation for 4 weeks after
316
What are the two types of cardioversion?
Electrical
| Pharmacological
317
If pharmacological cardioversion is required, what can be used?
IV amidarone (preferred if patient has heart disease)
Or
IV Flecainide
318
Is digoxin rate or rhythm control?
Rate
319
What are the class 1 antiarrhythmics?
Membrane stabilising drugs - lidocaine, flecainide
320
What are the class 2 antiarrhythmics?
Beta blockers
321
What are the class 3 antiarrhythmics?
Amiodarone, sotalol Sotalol is also class 2
322
What are the class 4 antiarrhythmics?
Non-dihydropyridine CCBs e.g. verapamil
323
What group of patients is adenosine contraindicated in?
Asthmatics
| COPD
324
Can amiodarone cause:
a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Both
Both
325
What is the effect of amiodarone on potassium levels?
Can cause hypokalaemia
326
Does amiodarone have a long or short half life?
Long
327
Does digoxin have a long or short half life?
Long
328
What are the digoxin interactions?
```
(CRASED) acronym
Calcium channel blockers (verapamil)
Rifampicin
Amiodarone
St Johns Wort
Erythromycin
Diuretics - hypokalaemia risk
```
329
Is systolic hypertension a bleeding or a VTE risk?
Bleeding risk
330
Is fondaparinux a LMWH?
No
| It is a synthetic and selective inhibitor of activated Factor X (Xa)
331
What is the safest class of medicine to use for a VTE in pregnancy?
LMWH
332
Does unfractionated heparin or LMWH carry a lower risk of osteoporosis?
LMWH
333
Does unfractionated heparin or LMWH carry a lower risk of HIT?
LMWH
334
What do you need to monitor regularly if a patient is on unfractionated heparin?
APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time
335
What is the antidote for heparin?
Protamine
336
What effect can heparins have on potassium levels?
Can cause hyperkalaemia
337
What is the treatment dose of dalteparin for VTE or PE?
| What is the max dose a day?
200 units/kg OD
| Max 18,000 units OD
338
What is the treatment dose of enoxaparin for VTE or PE in low risk patients?
1.5mg/kg OD
339
What is the treatment dose of enoxaparin for VTE or PE in high risk patients?
What would be classed as high risk?
1mg/kg BD
Obesity
Cancer
Recurrent VTE
Proximal thrombosis - above the knee
340
What is a proximal thrombosis?
Above the knee
341
What is a distal thrombosis?
Below the knee
342
White warfarin tablets are what strength?
0.5mg
343
Brown warfarin tablets are what strength?
1mg
344
Blue warfarin tablets are what strength?
3mg
345
Pink warfarin tablets are what strength?
5mg
346
If a patient has had a major bleed on warfarin, in addition to IV phytomenadione, is dried prothrombin complex or fresh frozen plasma preferable?
Dried prothrombin complex
347
If a warfarin patient is due for surgery but their INR is still too high, what can be given?
Oral phytomenadione the day before if INR is 1.5 or above
348
What is the treatment dose of tinzaparin for VTE or PE?
175 units/kg OD
Same dose in pregnancy and for high risk patients e.g. cancer
349
What is the expiry date of dabigatran capsules in a bottle once opened?
4 months
| if usual blister packaging, expiry is 4 months
350
After the acute phase of an ischaemic stroke, what should the blood pressure target be?
130/80 max
351
Can beta blockers be used in the management of hypertension following a stroke?
No - unless already on for an existing condition
352
What drugs would you avoid in a haemorrhagic stroke that you would normally use in an ischaemic stroke?
Avoid aspirin, statins and anticoagulants in a patient with haemorrhagic stroke
Only give if essential eg very high risk of ischaemic event
353
If a hypertensive emergency (acute organ damage), why would you want to reduce the BP slowly?
To reduce the risk of reduced organ perfusion
354
When would you treat Stage 1 hypertension (140/90)?
```
If under 80 with:
Target organ damage, CKD, retinopathy
QRISK 20% or more
Renal disease
Diabetes
```
355
When would you refer in Stage 1 hypertension?
Patients under 40 years with no overt target organ damage/risk factors
To find out if there is a secondary cause of hypertension
356
Which ACEi is a pro drug and conversion to its active drug is reduced by food?
Perindopril
| Better to take 30-60 mins before food
357
Do ARBs cause a dry cough?
No (it does not inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin)
358
What are the beta blockers that have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity?
What are the advantages of these?
PACO
Pindolol
Acebutol
Celiprolol
Oxprenolol
Less bradycardia and less coldness of the extremities
359
What are the once daily dosing beta blockers?
BACoN
Bisoprolol
Atenolol
Celiprolol
Nadalol
360
What CCB commonly causes constipation?
Verapamil
361
What are the main side effects of CCBs?
Ankle swelling
Flushing
Headaches
362
What beta blockers are licensed in heart failure?
For all grades of HF:
Bisoprolol
Carvedilol
For mild-moderate HF and in 70 years + :
Nebivolol
363
When can you use nebivolol for HF?
For mild-moderate HF and in 70 years +
364
How does sacubitril work?
Inhibits breakdown of BNP
365
What role does a combination of hydrazaline and isosorbide dinitrate play in heart failure?
Useful if the patient is on an ACEi and BB and remains symptomatic
Especially if the patient is Black/Caribbean
366
If a patient on a statin reports feeling short of breath, having a cough and weight loss, what should you do?
Refer
Interstitial lung disease is a side effect of statins
367
If a patient is on a statin, at what LFT level would you stop the statin?
If it is 3 x the upper limit of normal
368
If a patient is on a statin, at what creatine kinase level would you stop the statin?
If it is 5 x the upper limit of normal
369
When taking a nitrate, is it recommended the patient stands up or sits down?
Sits down - can cause dizziness
370
As patients can develop tolerance with nitrates, what is the recommendation is off a nitrate patch?
Leave patch off for 8-12 hours (overnight)
371
Can loop diuretics exacerbate diabetes and gout?
Yes
372
Which drug used in heart failure and resistant hypertension can cause menstrual disturbances, such as post menopausal bleeding?
Spironolactone
373
In what 3 groups of patients would you offer lipid modification therapy for primary prevention without the need for a formal assessment?
1. Type 1 diabetics
2. CKD eGFR <60
3. Familial hypercholesterolaemia
CONSIDER lipid modification therapy for 85 years and older (as QRISK score is not applicable to this age group)
374
The QRISK tool has an upper age limit of what?
84 years
375
True or false:
All pravastatin strengths are low intensity
True
376
What is the target for total cholesterol?
< 5 mmol/L
377
What is the target for LDL?
< 3 mmol/L
378
What is the target for HDL?
> 1.0 mmol/L
379
What is the target for triglycerides?
< 1.7 mmol/L
380
Is amiodarone an enzyme inducer or inhibitor?
Enzyme inhibitor
381
What is licensed for the following:
Potassium conservation when used as an adjunct to thiazide or loop diuretics for hypertension or congestive heart failure
Amiloride
