Chapter 2-Cardiorespiratory System And Gas Exchange

Question 0

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 0

Iron-containing protein within red blood cells capable of binding between one and four oxygen molecules

Question 1

Function of blood

Answer 1

Transport oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic byproducts

Question 2

What is the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Answer 2

Indicates the saturation of hemoglobin at various partial pressures of carbon dioxide, making hemoglobin more likely to release oxygen

Illustrates that binding the first molecule to hemoglobin facilitates subsequent binding of more oxygen molecules.

Question 3

What conditions move the Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve to right, thus releasing more oxygen from hemoglobin?

Answer 3

Factors consistent with muscle contractions:

Low PH (more acidic)
High temperatures
High partial pressure of CO2

Question 4

What is the internal pacemaker for the heart?

Answer 4

Sinoatrial node

Question 5

What does an Electrocardiogram measure?

Answer 5

Electrical activity of the heart, specifically the P-wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization) and T-wave (depolarization of the ventricals)

Question 6

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 6

The events that occur from the start of one heart beat to the start of next.

Includes contraction (systole) and period s of relaxation (diastole)

Question 7

What is Systolic blood pressure?

Answer 7

Pressure of blood against arterial walls during ventricular contraction

Measures the work of the heart

Question 8

What is Diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 8

Pressure against arterial walls when no blood is being forced through.

Indication of vascular stiffness or rate of vasoconstriction

Question 9

What is Cardiac Output?

Answer 9

Amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute.

Q=SV x HR

Question 10

What is stroke volume?

Answer 10

Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat.

SV=EDV - ESV

Question 11

What is end-diastolic volume (ESV)?

Answer 11

Volume of blood in ventricles after filling.

Question 12

What is end-systolic volume (ESV)?

Answer 12

The amount of blood in ventrical after contraction

Question 13

What is oxygen uptake (VO2)?

Answer 13

Amount of oxygen used by tissues of the body

Question 14

How is VO2 calculated?

Answer 14

VO2=(HR) x (EDV - ESV) x a-vO2

a-vO2 is the arterial oxygen content minus the venous oxygen content in milliliter a of O2 per 100 mL of blood. The difference tells us how much oxygen was extracted for exercise

Question 15

What is VO2 Max used for?

Answer 15

Assesses the degree physical conditioning

Question 16

What is the order of the heart structures blood travels through?

Answer 16

R atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava
>>>>
R ventrical
>>>>
Lungs for oxygen via pulmonary artery
>>>>
Left atrium via the pulmonary vein
>>>>
Left ventricle
>>>>
Out to the body via the aorta

Question 17

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 17

Capillary wall within the alveolus

Question 18

A 25 year old, 170 pound male has been using a treadmill for aerobic endurance. Is HR is 160 bpm, his SV is 100ml per beat, and has a-vO2 of 13ml O2 /100 ml of blood. What is the absolute and relative VO2 during treadmill exercise?

Answer 18

Fick equation:
Vo2= (HR x SV) x avO2
VO2=(160 x 100mL) x 13 mlO2/100mL blood