Chapter 2 Book Notes

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

Group of cells that are similar in structure and function

Question 2

Four primary tissue types

Answer 2

• epithelial (covering)
• connective (support)
• nervous (control)
  -muscle (movement)

Question 3

Epithelial/epithelium tissue

Answer 3

-Lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body
-covers all free surface inside and out
-protects, absorption, filtration, and secretion

Question 4

Epithelium characteristics

Answer 4

-except for glandular it fits close together to form continuous sheets bound by specialized cell junctions (desmosomes and tight junctions)
- have one free slick and smooth surface or edge
-anchored on a basement membrane
-no blood supply of their own and depend on diffusion from capillaries (avascular)
- regenerate easily

Question 5

Classifications of simple epithelium

Answer 5

1.cell arrangements
Simple epithelium
- one layer
Stratified epithelium
- more than one layer
-named for the cells on the top layer as the ones on the bottom may seem squished and look like 1 layer

2. Shape of cells
   Squamous- flattened like fish scales
   Cuboidal- cube shaped
   Columnar- column shaped

Question 6

Simple epithelium

Answer 6

Most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration. Since very thin protection is not a specialty

Question 7

Apical surface

Answer 7

The free unattached surface of edge of epithelial tissue

Question 8

Basement membrane

Answer 8

The anchored (basal) surface that the epithelium rests on

Question 9

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 9

-single layer of squamous cells resting on basement membrane
-forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs
-air sacs of the lungs, forms wall of capillaries, serous membranes

Question 10

Serous membranes

Answer 10

Slicks membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in their cavities

Question 11

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 11

-one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane
-common in glands and their associated small tubes (ducts)
-sweat glands, pancreas, walls of kidney tubules, and covers surface of ovaries

Question 12

Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 12

-single layer of tall cells that fit closely together
-lines entire digestive tract

Question 13

Goblet cells

Answer 13

Produce a lubricating mucus, often seen in simple columnar

Question 14

Mucus membrane (mucosae)

Answer 14

Epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior

Question 15

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 15

-all cells rest on membrane but some cells are shorter than others making the nuclei appear on different levels
-gives false impression that it it stratified
-mainly functions in secretion and absorption
- ciliated variety lines respiratory tract and mucus from growler cells acts as a “sticky trap” to catch dust and debris
-Cilia propel mucus upward and away from lungs

Question 16

Stratified epithelia

Answer 16

-consists of two or more cell layers
-more durable than simple
-functions primarily in protection

Question 17

Stratified squamous

Answer 17

-most common epithelium
-the cells at the free edge are squamous but the ones near the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar
-in sites that receive friction or abuse
-surface of the skin, mouth, and esophagus

Question 18

Stratified cuboidal

Answer 18

-two cells layers with (at lest) the surface cells being cuboidal
-fairly rare in the body
-found in the ducts of the large glands

Question 19

Stratified columnar

Answer 19

-surface cells are columnar
-basal cells vary in size and shape
-rare
-ducts of large glands

Question 20

Basal

Answer 20

Bottom cells/surface

Question 21

Transitional epithelium

Answer 21

-highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium
-cells of basal layer are cuboidal or columnar
-cells are free surface vary in size and shape
-when organ is stretched there are a few layers and surface layer cells are squamouslike
-unstretched there are many layers and superficial cells are dome shaped
-forms lining of bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

Question 22

Connective tissue

Answer 22

-connects body parts
-found everywhere
-most abundant and widely distributed of tissue types
-protection, support, binding

Question 23

Connective tissue characteristics

Answer 23

• variations in blood supply (most are vascularized)
  -tendons and ligaments do not have good blood supply so they heal slowly
  -extracellular matrix
  -no loving substances found outside the cell

Question 24

Types of connective tissues

Answer 24

-bone tissue (osseous)
-cartilage tissue
-hyaline cartilage
-fibrocartilage
-elastic cartilage
-dense CT
-tendons
-ligaments
-loose CT
-areolar CT
- adipose CT
-reticular CT
-blood (Vascular) tissue

Question 25

Bone tissue

Answer 25

-composed of osteocytes in lacunae -surrounded by very hard matrix that contains calcium, salt, and cartilage fibers

Question 26

Connective Tissue (CT)

Answer 26

All connective tissue consists of living cells surrounded by a extracellular matrix. Their major differences reflect specific cell types, fiber types, and number of fibers in the matrix

Question 27

Cartilage

Answer 27

-less hard and more flexible -chondrocytes 1. hyaline cartilage -most abundant cartilage - forms trachea, attaches ribs to breastbone, and growth plates 2. fibrocartilage -highly compressible -cushion like discs between vertebrae 3. elastic cartilage - found in structures with flexibility -external ear

Question 28

Dense connective/fibrous tissue

Answer 28

-collagen fibers are main matrix -fibroblasts -tendons & ligaments, lower layers of the skin

Question 29

Tendons

Answer 29

Attach skeletal muscles to bone

Question 30

Ligaments

Answer 30

Connect bone to bone

Question 31

Loose connective tissue

Answer 31

-softer -more cells and fewer fibers - adipose, areolar, reticular

Question 32

Areolar CT

Answer 32

-type of loose CT -most widely distributed in the body -soft, pliable, cobweb shaped -protects and cushions body organs -connective tissue “glue” because it helps hold internal organs together -when looked at under a microscope most of the matrix appears to be an empty space -when a body region is inflamed it soaks up the fluid

Question 33

Adipose CT

Answer 33

-fat -subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin -insulates the body -protects some organs -kidneys, hips, breast, and belly

Question 34

Reticular CT

Answer 34

-interwoven reticular fibers -forms internal frame work of an organ -lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Question 35

Blood

Answer 35

-considered a tissue because it consists of blood cells and a non living, fluid matrix called blood plasma -“fibers” are proteins -

Question 36

Muscle tissue

Answer 36

-specialized to contract and shorten -produces movement -skeletal, cardiac, nervous

Question 37

Skeletal muscle

Answer 37

-muscle connected to bone -can be controlled voluntarily -long cylindrical cells -obvious striations -muscle fibers

Question 38

Cardiac muscle

Answer 38

-found only in the heart wall -many striations but cells only have one nucleus and are relatively short -cells fit tightly together at junctions (intercalated discs) -ID contain gap junctions that allow ions to pass from cell to cell -involuntary

Question 39

Smooth muscle

Answer 39

-no visible striations -walls of hollow organs -stomach, uterus, and blood vessels -contract and propel substances -contracts more slowly than other types of MT

Question 40

Nervous tissue

Answer 40

-neurons -irritability and conductivity -neuroglia insulate, support, and protect delicate neurons -brain, spinal chord, nerves