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Anatomy > Chapter 2 Book Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Book Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells that are similar in structure and function

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2
Q

Four primary tissue types

A
  • epithelial (covering)
  • connective (support)
  • nervous (control)
    -muscle (movement)
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3
Q

Epithelial/epithelium tissue

A

-Lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body
-covers all free surface inside and out
-protects, absorption, filtration, and secretion

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4
Q

Epithelium characteristics

A

-except for glandular it fits close together to form continuous sheets bound by specialized cell junctions (desmosomes and tight junctions)
- have one free slick and smooth surface or edge
-anchored on a basement membrane
-no blood supply of their own and depend on diffusion from capillaries (avascular)
- regenerate easily

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5
Q

Classifications of simple epithelium

A

1.cell arrangements
Simple epithelium
- one layer
Stratified epithelium
- more than one layer
-named for the cells on the top layer as the ones on the bottom may seem squished and look like 1 layer

  1. Shape of cells
    Squamous- flattened like fish scales
    Cuboidal- cube shaped
    Columnar- column shaped
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6
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration. Since very thin protection is not a specialty

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7
Q

Apical surface

A

The free unattached surface of edge of epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Basement membrane

A

The anchored (basal) surface that the epithelium rests on

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9
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

-single layer of squamous cells resting on basement membrane
-forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs
-air sacs of the lungs, forms wall of capillaries, serous membranes

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10
Q

Serous membranes

A

Slicks membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in their cavities

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11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane
-common in glands and their associated small tubes (ducts)
-sweat glands, pancreas, walls of kidney tubules, and covers surface of ovaries

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12
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

-single layer of tall cells that fit closely together
-lines entire digestive tract

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13
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce a lubricating mucus, often seen in simple columnar

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14
Q

Mucus membrane (mucosae)

A

Epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior

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15
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

-all cells rest on membrane but some cells are shorter than others making the nuclei appear on different levels
-gives false impression that it it stratified
-mainly functions in secretion and absorption
- ciliated variety lines respiratory tract and mucus from growler cells acts as a “sticky trap” to catch dust and debris
-Cilia propel mucus upward and away from lungs

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16
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

-consists of two or more cell layers
-more durable than simple
-functions primarily in protection

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17
Q

Stratified squamous

A

-most common epithelium
-the cells at the free edge are squamous but the ones near the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar
-in sites that receive friction or abuse
-surface of the skin, mouth, and esophagus

18
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

-two cells layers with (at lest) the surface cells being cuboidal
-fairly rare in the body
-found in the ducts of the large glands

19
Q

Stratified columnar

A

-surface cells are columnar
-basal cells vary in size and shape
-rare
-ducts of large glands

20
Q

Basal

A

Bottom cells/surface

21
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

-highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium
-cells of basal layer are cuboidal or columnar
-cells are free surface vary in size and shape
-when organ is stretched there are a few layers and surface layer cells are squamouslike
-unstretched there are many layers and superficial cells are dome shaped
-forms lining of bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

22
Q

Connective tissue

A

-connects body parts
-found everywhere
-most abundant and widely distributed of tissue types
-protection, support, binding

23
Q

Connective tissue characteristics

A
  • variations in blood supply (most are vascularized)
    -tendons and ligaments do not have good blood supply so they heal slowly
    -extracellular matrix
    -no loving substances found outside the cell
24
Q

Types of connective tissues

A

-bone tissue (osseous)
-cartilage tissue
-hyaline cartilage
-fibrocartilage
-elastic cartilage
-dense CT
-tendons
-ligaments
-loose CT
-areolar CT
- adipose CT
-reticular CT
-blood (Vascular) tissue

25
Q

Bone tissue

A

-composed of osteocytes in lacunae
-surrounded by very hard matrix that contains calcium, salt, and cartilage fibers

26
Q

Connective Tissue (CT)

A

All connective tissue consists of living cells surrounded by a extracellular matrix. Their major differences reflect specific cell types, fiber types, and number of fibers in the matrix

27
Q

Cartilage

A

-less hard and more flexible
-chondrocytes
1. hyaline cartilage
-most abundant cartilage
- forms trachea, attaches ribs to breastbone, and growth plates
2. fibrocartilage
-highly compressible
-cushion like discs between vertebrae
3. elastic cartilage
- found in structures with flexibility
-external ear

28
Q

Dense connective/fibrous tissue

A

-collagen fibers are main matrix
-fibroblasts
-tendons & ligaments, lower layers of the skin

29
Q

Tendons

A

Attach skeletal muscles to bone

30
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

31
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

-softer
-more cells and fewer fibers
- adipose, areolar, reticular

32
Q

Areolar CT

A

-type of loose CT
-most widely distributed in the body
-soft, pliable, cobweb shaped
-protects and cushions body organs
-connective tissue “glue” because it helps hold internal organs together
-when looked at under a microscope most of the matrix appears to be an empty space
-when a body region is inflamed it soaks up the fluid

33
Q

Adipose CT

A

-fat
-subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
-insulates the body
-protects some organs
-kidneys, hips, breast, and belly

34
Q

Reticular CT

A

-interwoven reticular fibers
-forms internal frame work of an organ
-lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

35
Q

Blood

A

-considered a tissue because it consists of blood cells and a non living, fluid matrix called blood plasma
-“fibers” are proteins
-

36
Q

Muscle tissue

A

-specialized to contract and shorten
-produces movement
-skeletal, cardiac, nervous

37
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

-muscle connected to bone
-can be controlled voluntarily
-long cylindrical cells
-obvious striations
-muscle fibers

38
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

-found only in the heart wall
-many striations but cells only have one nucleus and are relatively short
-cells fit tightly together at junctions (intercalated discs)
-ID contain gap junctions that allow ions to pass from cell to cell
-involuntary

39
Q

Smooth muscle

A

-no visible striations
-walls of hollow organs
-stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
-contract and propel substances
-contracts more slowly than other types of MT

40
Q

Nervous tissue

A

-neurons
-irritability and conductivity
-neuroglia insulate, support, and protect delicate neurons
-brain, spinal chord, nerves

Anatomy (12 decks)

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