Chapter 2: Bonding, structure and the properties of matter Flashcards
What are nanoparticles?
Structures that are typically between 1 and 100nm in size, typically possessing a few hundred atoms. They have notable physical properties due to their high surface area to volume ratio. A smaller amount of material is needed because more of the atoms are on the surface
How are nanoparticles used in fuel cells?
Platinum nanoparticles are used as the catalyst (this way less platinum is required). Nanoparticles of other metals are also being developed to replace the platinum
How are nanoparticles used in the delivery of drugs?
Gold nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs to specific cells in the body, reducing side effects and the amount of drug needed.
How are nanoparticles used in sun creams?
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are used to absorb harmful UV radiation. They give better protection than normal sun creams and are colourless
How are nanoparticles used in synthetic skin?
Carbon nanotubes are being used to create better synthetic skin that is stronger and more flexible and can sense touch and heat
How are nanoparticles used in cosmetics?
Face creams in emulsions that contain vitamins
Moisturisers to kill bacteria
Foundations to diffuse light and partially disguise wrinkles
How are nanoparticles used in clothing?
Silver nanoparticles kill bacteria, preventing the build-up of unpleasant odours
How are nanoparticles used in deodorants?
Silver nanoparticles kill bacteria, preventing the build-up of unpleasant odours
How are nanoparticles used in electronics?
Improve electronic components by allowing smaller components to be made
How can nanoparticles be dangerous?
Gold nanoparticles may be able to enter cells. Just because a metal is safe in bulk, it doesn’t mean that metal’s nanoparticles will be safe
Describe the structure of diamond
A lattice of carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other, with each atom making 4 bonds
Describe the structure of graphite
Like diamond but the atoms are separated into layers that can slide around. Graphite’s shape can easily be changed because the layers are only held together by weak intermolecular forces. Each carbon atom forms 3 bonds and has 1 delocalised electron which can move around and carry a charge, making graphite a conductor
Describe the structure of graphene
A single layer of graphite. Extremely thin, extremely strong, transparent, conductor like graphite. Lots of research is being done on it (touchscreens)
Describe the structure of fullerenes
Hollow football shape made of carbon atoms (usually C60, buckminsterfullerene). Delocalised electrons
What are fullerenes used for?
Delivering drugs into the body (carried inside the molecules), lubricants (can roll), catalysts
