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Biochemistry - test review > chapter 2- biomolecules > Flashcards

chapter 2- biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four macromolecules

A
  1. proteins
  2. lipids
  3. nucleic acids
  4. carbohydrates
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2
Q

Nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

carbohydrates monomer

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

lipids monomer

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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5
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acids

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6
Q

what are monomers

A

smallest subunits possible of a polymer, they add together to make a polymer/macromolecule

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7
Q

what are the 3 macromolecules/micronutrients

A
  1. minerals
  2. vitamins
  3. water (ish)
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8
Q

are minerals organic or inorganic and WHY

A

inorganic
they lack the C-H bonds that are required to make it a organic molecules
They are made up of PURE elements/ions

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9
Q

are vitamins organic or inorganic

A

vitamins are organic molecules because they are made up of C-H bonds

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10
Q

how do our bodies obtain vitamins

A

through food

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11
Q

how is water considered a micromolecule

A

because it is a really small molecule but it is also considered a macromolecule because it is required in large quantities

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11
Q

is water an organic or inorganic molecule

A

inorganic molecule because there are no C-H bonds

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12
Q

vitamins act as ____

A

coenzymes!
these work alongside enzymes to create synthesis within other reactions

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13
Q

what is the most important use of carbohydrates in our bodys

A

provides fast energy for the body to use

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14
Q

where are carbohydrates found

A

in all cells

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15
Q

what is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

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16
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a single unit of sugar

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17
Q

give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A
  • fructose
  • glucose
  • galactose
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18
Q

what are the 2 carbohydrate isomers and how are they different?

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose
They have the same molecular formula but they have the OH group located in different areas

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18
Q

carbons with ___ or more carbons become ___ ____ when dissolved in ___

A

5
ring structures
water

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19
Q

what’s the main difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

Alpha- digestible
Beta- non-digestible

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20
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

TWO units of sugar in the same molecule

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21
Q

What is a common ending for carbohydrates?

A

-ose

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21
Q

give 3 examples of disaccharides

A
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
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22
Q

what are polysaccharides good for?

A

storage within cells and the body

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23
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

MANY units of sugar

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24
Q

give 2 examples of polysaccharides

A
  • cellulose
  • starch
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25
Q

Dehydration synthesis is

A

the loss of water in the reacting molecule or ion
- building bonds together

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26
Q

What is the bond between monosaccharides called

A

glycosidic linkage

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26
Q

Hydrolysis reactions are

A

done with enzymes by adding water
- decomposition reaction

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27
Q

Starch is glucose ___ by ____

A

stored by plants

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28
Q

Is starch mainly composed of Alpha or beta glucoses

A

ALPHA

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29
Q

Is glycogen composed of Alpha or beta glucose molecules

A

ALPHA

29
Q

glycogen is glucose ____ by ____

A

stored by animals

30
Q

is glycogen hard or easy to break down and why

A

EASY
because of the many branching side chains

31
Q

is cellulose made up of Alpha or Beta glucose?

A

BETA
- unbranched beta chains

31
Q

Glycogen is mainly found in ____ and _____ cells which lead to ____

A

liver and muscle cells
leads to high metabolic activity

32
Q

Describe the main structure of a lipid

A

LONG chain of fatty acids that are non-polar

32
Q

cellulose provides ___ support to what?

A

structural support to cell walls in plants

32
Q

why is cellulose in cell walls and not humans ?

A

Humans lack the enzyme needed to brake down cellulose

33
Q

What are some examples of lipids? Name three

A

Oils
Cholesterol
Steroids

34
Q

why are lipids so important for all organisms

A

needed by all organisms in moderation for
- building cell membranes and hormones
- cushioning organs
- energy storage

35
Q

Triglycerides are what

A

a type of lipid that circulates in our blood
- most common fat in our body

35
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

Lipid found within membranes
Made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

35
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

dehydration synthesis that occurs through the bonds between glycerol and fatty acids

36
Q

What are the two fatty acids

A

saturated and unsaturated fats

37
Q

what state are saturated fats in at room tempature

A

solid

38
Q

what bonds do saturated fats contain

A

single C-C

39
Q

what happens when saturated fats are digested

A

they are converted into bad cholesterol (LDL) which can cause arteries to clog.

40
Q

what is an example of a saturated fat

A

vegetable oil

41
Q

what state are unsaturated fats in at room temperature

A

liquid

42
Q

what type of bonds do unsaturated fats contain?

A

double C-C bonds

43
Q

Why are unsaturated fats digestible throughout the body

A

the nature of unsaturated fats cause kinks in the straight chain, this makes them fluid like and makes them easily digestible

44
Q

unsaturated fats can exist as these two things:

A

trans fatty acids
cis fatty acids

45
Q

what is hydrogenation and what is it used for

A

it’s a food preservation process
It occurs when hydrogen is added to unsaturated fats to make them more saturated

46
Q

unsaturated fats contain a double bond, cis fatty acids have hydrogen located on ___ side

A

the same

47
Q

trans fatty acids have hydrogen located on ___ side of the ___ bond

A

the same side
double bond

48
Q

what are the monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

49
Q

What are the three main roles of nucleotides

A
  • hold genetic information
  • express genetic information
  • storing ATP/chemical energy
50
Q

What are the three main parts of a nucleotide

A

A sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

51
Q

A sugar is one of the parts of nucleotides
what are the two different types of sugar

A

ribose sugar
deoxyribose sugar

52
Q

In RNA/ ribonucleic acids what are the base pairs

A

Adenine - Uracil
Cytosine - Thymine

53
Q

In DNA/ deoxyribonucleic acids what are the base pairs

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

54
Q

What bond is in between two of the base pairs. What bond is holding them together

A

Hydrogen bonds

55
Q

What specific type of bond holds one base pair to another base pair

A

hydrogen bonds

56
Q

What is the specific bond that holds the base pairs and the sugar phosphate backbone together?

A

phosphodiester bonds

57
Q

what is a phosphodiester bond?

A

It is a bond that forms between the FIFTH carbon of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl (OH) group on the THIRD carbon of another nucleotide.

58
Q

what is the monomer for proteins

A

amino acids

59
Q

what are the chains of amino acids called

A

polypeptides

60
Q

What are the THREE main functions of proteins

A
  1. Functional
  2. Structural
  3. Transport
61
Q

what are the THREE functional purposes of proteins

A
  • affect chemical reactions (enzymes)
  • send signals throughout the body
  • they help construct parts of the body and provide structural support
62
Q

what is the structural purpose of proteins

A

makes up part of our body/cells
- Hair, nails, teeth, bonnes

63
Q

what is the transportation purpose of proteins

A

channels for transport (active and passive) into cells or inbetween cells

64
Q

what is the primary structure of amino acids

A

chain of amino acids
the different amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds.

64
Q

what are peptide bonds

A

a special covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another

65
Q

what are the two different types of secondary structures?

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

66
Q

alpha helix structure

A

hydrogen bonds form between OXYGEN on a carboxyl group (CO) of ONE PEPTIDE bond and the HYDROGEN of an amino group (N-H) FOUR peptide bonds away.

67
Q

beta pleated sheet structure

A

when TWO parts of the polypeptide chain lie PARALLEL to one another. hydrogen bonds form between the OXYGEN on a carboxyl group and the HYDROGEN of an adjacent amino group

68
Q

Denaturation of proteins

A

when proteins unfold
when the bonds between R groups are disturbed, the intermolecular forces break. This causes a disturbance in how the protein behaves.

69
Q

what could cause the denaturation of proteins

A

extreme temperatures
pH changes
exposure

Biochemistry - test review (2 decks)

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