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Biochemistry - test review > chapter 2- biomolecules > Flashcards

chapter 2- biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four macromolecules

A
  1. proteins
  2. lipids
  3. nucleic acids
  4. carbohydrates
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2
Q

Nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

carbohydrates monomer

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

lipids monomer

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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5
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acids

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6
Q

what are monomers

A

smallest subunits possible of a polymer, they add together to make a polymer/macromolecule

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7
Q

what are the 3 macromolecules/micronutrients

A
  1. minerals
  2. vitamins
  3. water (ish)
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8
Q

are minerals organic or inorganic and WHY

A

inorganic
they lack the C-H bonds that are required to make it a organic molecules
They are made up of PURE elements/ions

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9
Q

are vitamins organic or inorganic

A

vitamins are organic molecules because they are made up of C-H bonds

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10
Q

how do our bodies obtain vitamins

A

through food

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11
Q

how is water considered a micromolecule

A

because it is a really small molecule but it is also considered a macromolecule because it is required in large quantities

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11
Q

is water an organic or inorganic molecule

A

inorganic molecule because there are no C-H bonds

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12
Q

vitamins act as ____

A

coenzymes!
these work alongside enzymes to create synthesis within other reactions

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13
Q

what is the most important use of carbohydrates in our bodys

A

provides fast energy for the body to use

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14
Q

where are carbohydrates found

A

in all cells

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15
Q

what is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

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16
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a single unit of sugar

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17
Q

give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A
  • fructose
  • glucose
  • galactose
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18
Q

what are the 2 carbohydrate isomers and how are they different?

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose
They have the same molecular formula but they have the OH group located in different areas

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18
Q

carbons with ___ or more carbons become ___ ____ when dissolved in ___

A

5
ring structures
water

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19
Q

what’s the main difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

Alpha- digestible
Beta- non-digestible

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20
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

TWO units of sugar in the same molecule

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21
Q

What is a common ending for carbohydrates?

A

-ose

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21
Q

give 3 examples of disaccharides

A
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
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22
what are polysaccharides good for?
storage within cells and the body
23
What is a polysaccharide?
MANY units of sugar
24
give 2 examples of polysaccharides
- cellulose - starch
25
Dehydration synthesis is
the loss of water in the reacting molecule or ion - building bonds together
26
What is the bond between monosaccharides called
glycosidic linkage
26
Hydrolysis reactions are
done with enzymes by adding water - decomposition reaction
27
Starch is glucose ___ by ____
stored by plants
28
Is starch mainly composed of Alpha or beta glucoses
ALPHA
29
Is glycogen composed of Alpha or beta glucose molecules
ALPHA
29
glycogen is glucose ____ by ____
stored by animals
30
is glycogen hard or easy to break down and why
EASY because of the many branching side chains
31
is cellulose made up of Alpha or Beta glucose?
BETA - unbranched beta chains
31
Glycogen is mainly found in ____ and _____ cells which lead to ____
liver and muscle cells leads to high metabolic activity
32
Describe the main structure of a lipid
LONG chain of fatty acids that are non-polar
32
cellulose provides ___ support to what?
structural support to cell walls in plants
32
why is cellulose in cell walls and not humans ?
Humans lack the enzyme needed to brake down cellulose
33
What are some examples of lipids? Name three
Oils Cholesterol Steroids
34
why are lipids so important for all organisms
needed by all organisms in moderation for - building cell membranes and hormones - cushioning organs - energy storage
35
Triglycerides are what
a type of lipid that circulates in our blood - most common fat in our body
35
What is a phospholipid
Lipid found within membranes Made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
35
how are triglycerides formed
dehydration synthesis that occurs through the bonds between glycerol and fatty acids
36
What are the two fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated fats
37
what state are saturated fats in at room tempature
solid
38
what bonds do saturated fats contain
single C-C
39
what happens when saturated fats are digested
they are converted into bad cholesterol (LDL) which can cause arteries to clog.
40
what is an example of a saturated fat
vegetable oil
41
what state are unsaturated fats in at room temperature
liquid
42
what type of bonds do unsaturated fats contain?
double C-C bonds
43
Why are unsaturated fats digestible throughout the body
the nature of unsaturated fats cause kinks in the straight chain, this makes them fluid like and makes them easily digestible
44
unsaturated fats can exist as these two things:
trans fatty acids cis fatty acids
45
what is hydrogenation and what is it used for
it's a food preservation process It occurs when hydrogen is added to unsaturated fats to make them more saturated
46
unsaturated fats contain a double bond, cis fatty acids have hydrogen located on ___ side
the same
47
trans fatty acids have hydrogen located on ___ side of the ___ bond
the same side double bond
48
what are the monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
49
What are the three main roles of nucleotides
- hold genetic information - express genetic information - storing ATP/chemical energy
50
What are the three main parts of a nucleotide
A sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base
51
A sugar is one of the parts of nucleotides what are the two different types of sugar
ribose sugar deoxyribose sugar
52
In RNA/ ribonucleic acids what are the base pairs
Adenine - Uracil Cytosine - Thymine
53
In DNA/ deoxyribonucleic acids what are the base pairs
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
54
What bond is in between two of the base pairs. What bond is holding them together
Hydrogen bonds
55
What specific type of bond holds one base pair to another base pair
hydrogen bonds
56
What is the specific bond that holds the base pairs and the sugar phosphate backbone together?
phosphodiester bonds
57
what is a phosphodiester bond?
It is a bond that forms between the FIFTH carbon of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl (OH) group on the THIRD carbon of another nucleotide.
58
what is the monomer for proteins
amino acids
59
what are the chains of amino acids called
polypeptides
60
What are the THREE main functions of proteins
1. Functional 2. Structural 3. Transport
61
what are the THREE functional purposes of proteins
- affect chemical reactions (enzymes) - send signals throughout the body - they help construct parts of the body and provide structural support
62
what is the structural purpose of proteins
makes up part of our body/cells - Hair, nails, teeth, bonnes
63
what is the transportation purpose of proteins
channels for transport (active and passive) into cells or inbetween cells
64
what is the primary structure of amino acids
chain of amino acids the different amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds.
64
what are peptide bonds
a special covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another
65
what are the two different types of secondary structures?
alpha helix beta pleated sheet
66
alpha helix structure
hydrogen bonds form between OXYGEN on a carboxyl group (CO) of ONE PEPTIDE bond and the HYDROGEN of an amino group (N-H) FOUR peptide bonds away.
67
beta pleated sheet structure
when TWO parts of the polypeptide chain lie PARALLEL to one another. hydrogen bonds form between the OXYGEN on a carboxyl group and the HYDROGEN of an adjacent amino group
68
Denaturation of proteins
when proteins unfold when the bonds between R groups are disturbed, the intermolecular forces break. This causes a disturbance in how the protein behaves.
69
what could cause the denaturation of proteins
extreme temperatures pH changes exposure

Biochemistry - test review (2 decks)

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