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AP Psychology > Chapter 2 - Biology And The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Biology And The Brain Flashcards

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0
Q

Neurons (neurons)

A

A nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system

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1
Q

Glial cells (neurons)

A

Cells in nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

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2
Q

Soma (neurons)

A

Cell body; DNA; message is processed

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3
Q

Axon (neurons)

A

Sends messages.

Extension of neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers.

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4
Q

Dendrite (neurons)

A

Receive messages; grow to make connections with neurons.

Branching extensions of a neuron and conduct impulses toward cell body.

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5
Q

Myelin (neurons)

A

A layer of fatty tissue encasing the fibers of neurons.

Allows for faster transmission of messages.

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6
Q

Polarization (neurons)

A

The differential electrical charge inside and outside the neuron.

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7
Q

Action Potential (neurons)

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
Sodium ions rushes in; potassium ions rush out.

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8
Q

Resting potential (neurons)

A

Waiting for sufficient stimulation.
Electrical charge off neuron when it’s not active.
When not active, inside and outside of neuron are not in balance.
Inside - negative ions; outside - positive ions.

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9
Q

All or none principal (neurons)

A

Either a neuron fires or not.

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10
Q

Reuptake (neurons)

A

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by sending neuron.

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11
Q

Sensory (type)

A

Afferent.

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Motor (type)

A

Efferent.

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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13
Q

Interneurons (type)

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Carry information between each other.

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14
Q

Serotonin (neurotransmitters)

A

Function: affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Disorder: low levels - depression & high levels - manic
Location:

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15
Q

Norepinephrine (neurotransmitters)

A

Function: helps control alertness and arousal, adrenaline rush, speeds heart rate
Disorder: depression
Location:

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16
Q

Acetylcholine (neurotransmitters)

A

Function: enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Disorder: Alzheimer’s disease, low levels - memory impaired, if receptor is blocked - paralysis
Location:

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17
Q

Dopamine (neurotransmitters)

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Pleasure, feel good (muscle contractions), euphoria
Disorder: high level - schizophrenia, low level - Parkinson’s disease
Location:

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18
Q

Endorphins (neurotransmitters)

A

Function: natural “painkiller” (made by body), relieves pain, “runner’s high”
Disorder:
Location:

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19
Q

GABA (neurotransmitters)

A

Function: anti-anxiety, relaxation, calm, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Disorder: low level - seizures, tremors, insomnia
Location:

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20
Q

Substance P (neurotransmitters)

A

Function: makes you feel pain
Disorder:
Location:

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21
Q

Agonists and antagonists

A

Agonists: increases effect, speed, anything with neurotransmitter (ex: cocaine)
Antagonists: slows of stops or kill the neurons (ex: alcohol)

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22
Q

CNS (nervous system structure and function)

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

PNS (nervous system structure and function)

A

Connects brain to rest of body.

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24
Q

Somatic (nervous system structure and function)

A

You control; sensory info; voluntary muscle movement.

25
Q

Autonomic (nervous system structure and function)

A

Automatic; heart, organs, stomach.

26
Q

Parasympathetic (nervous system structure and function)

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms down body, conserving its energy.

27
Q

Sympathetic (nervous system structure and function)

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

28
Q

The hemispheres

A

Each side of hemisphere controls opposite side of body (criss-cross)

29
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Language, verbal, speech, logic, writing

30
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Emotion, creativity, spacial relationships, art, music, math, reasoning

31
Q

Split brain

A

Need corpus coliseum so 2 halves of hemisphere can communicate. Without it, you can’t say what you see from your left eye or vice-versa.

32
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

33
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

34
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Lying above ears; includes auditory areas, hearing

35
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Lying at top of head and toward rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

36
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Lying at back of head; receive information from visual fields, sight

37
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Controls language expression - usually in the left frontal lobe (left hemisphere) that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

38
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Controls language reception - involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

39
Q

Motor cortex

A

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Efferent neurons.

40
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Area at front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
Afferent neurons.

41
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

42
Q

Medulla

A

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

43
Q

Pons

A

Produce chemicals for sleep

44
Q

Cerebellum

A

At the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

45
Q

RAS (reticular activating system)

A

A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
Alertness.

46
Q

Limbic system

A

Doughnut-shaped neural system located below cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

47
Q

Thalamus (limbic system)

A

Brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
Sensory relay station.

48
Q

Hypothalamus (limbic system)

A

Lying below thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp.), helps govern endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
Urges, needs, wants, and desires (ex: hunger, thirst, sex drug, body temp.)

49
Q

Hippocampus (limbic system)

A

Helps process explicit memories for storage.

50
Q

Amygdala (limbic center)

A

Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

51
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Involved in motor control.
Dopamine center.
Without dopamine, body can’t move.

52
Q

MRI (brain imaging techniques)

A

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Shows brain anatomy.
3D images.

53
Q

EEG (brain imaging techniques)

A

Amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across brain’s surface.
Issues with sleep.

54
Q

CAT (brain imaging techniques)

A

A series of X-rays photos taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through a body.
Looks for brain injuries.

55
Q

Pineal Gland (endocrine system)

A

Controls melatonin (sleep).

56
Q

Pituitary (endocrine system)

A

Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

57
Q

Thyroid (endocrine system)

A

Metabolism.

58
Q

Adrenal (endocrine system)

A

Secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

59
Q

Pancreas (endocrine system)

A

Monitors blood sugar.

60
Q

Endocrine system

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

61
Q

Dual processing

A

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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