Chapter 12 - Social Psychology

Question 0

Just-world phenomenon

Answer 0

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and what they get.

Question 1

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 1

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Question 2

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 2

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

Question 3

Stereotype

Answer 3

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Question 4

Scapegoat Theory

Answer 4

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 5

Ingroup Bias

Answer 5

The tendency to favor our own group.

Question 6

Robber’s Cave/Superordinate Goals

Answer 6

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Question 7

Attraction

Answer 7

Proximity, Similarity, Physical Attractiveness

Question 8

Actor/Observer Effect

Answer 8

People tend to attribute other people’s behaviors to their dispositional factors while attributing own actions to situational factors.

Question 9

Central Route Persuasion

Answer 9

Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Question 10

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 10

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger quest.

Question 11

Norms

Answer 11

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

Question 12

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 12

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking them.

Question 13

Aggression

Answer 13

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Question 14

Confirmation Bias

Answer 14

The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 15

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 15

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Question 16

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 16

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.

Question 17

Conformity

Answer 17

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Question 18

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 18

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 19

Bystander Effect

Answer 19

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Question 20

Social Loafing

Answer 20

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Question 21

Deindividualization

Answer 21

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal an anonymity.

Question 22

Group Polarization

Answer 22

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Question 23

Groupthink

Answer 23

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Question 24

Social Facilitation

Answer 24

Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Question 25

Blaming the Victim

Answer 25

Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act are held entirely or partially responsible for the transgressions committed against them.

Question 26

Self-Effacing Bias

Answer 26

attributing success to external factors and blaming failure on internal factors (the individual).

Question 27

Ethnocentrism

Answer 27

judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture

Question 28

Door-in-the-face-technique

Answer 28

a technique used to get compliance from others (to get them to behave in a way you want) in which a large request is made knowing it will probably be refused so that the person will agree to a much smaller request.

Question 29

Norms of Reciprocity

Answer 29

the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms.

Question 30

Prisoner’s Dilenma

Answer 30

a situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime.

Question 31

Cross-Cultural Differences

Answer 31

scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions

Question 32

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 32

a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.

Question 33

Kitty Genovese

Answer 33

Stabbed multiple times, no one helped.

Question 34

Asch

Answer 34

Line experiment testing conformity.

Question 35

Milgram

Answer 35

Experiment involving a “teacher” delivering volts to a “learner” while an authorized figure is present. Tests obedience to authority.

Question 36

Zimbardo

Answer 36

Prison experiment. Tests power if situation and environment.