Chapter 2-Biological Molecules Flashcards
position of OH in alpha glucose
below
position of OH in beta glucose
above
glucose+glucose
maltose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
glucose+galactose
lactose
types of monosaccharides
- 3C (triose)
- 5C (pentose)
- 6C (hexose)
functions of monosaccharides
- source of energy in respiration
2. building blocks for larger molecules
process by which two sugars join together
condensation
describe hydrolysis
breaking down of a large molecules by the addition of water.
describe condensation
the joining together of two sugar molecules with water as a sudd product
describe the test for non-reducing sugars
- heat sugar with hydrochloric acid.
- add sodium hydroxide
- add benedict’s reagent and heat solution
red color indicates non-reducing sugar is present
monomers of polysaccharides
monosaccharides
what is the storage polysaccharide in plants and animals?
plants: starch
animals: glycogen
starch is mixture of what two substances?
- amylose
2. amylopectin
what type of glucose is amylose made up of and what are the links?
- a-glucose
2. 1,4 linked
what type of glucose are amylopectin and glycogen made up of and what are the links?
- a-glucose
2. 1,4 and 1,6
describe structure of cellulose
- 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- β-glucose
- rotated 180
difference between structure of fructose and sucrose
fructose has no glycosidic bonds and is a one sugar unit.
sucrose has glycosidic bonds and is made up of disaccharide (2 sugar units)
what is a covalent bond?
when two atoms share electrons to become more stable, that is called a covalent bond
what are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
the bond by which 2 amino acids join together
peptide bond
what are the four bonds in amino acids?
NH2, COOH, H and R group.
for every amino acid, the R group is the only group that is different
name some functions of proteins
- all enzymes are proteins
- some hormones are proteins
- antibodies are made of proteins
describe primary structure
it is the sequence of amino acids
describe secondary structures
when the protein becomes alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
describe tertiary structure
the compact structure of protein molecules resulting in the coiling of the already folded shape. the bonds that help with this are: 1. hydrogen bonds 2. ionic bonds 3. disulfide bonds 4. weak hydrophobic interactions
describe quaternary structure
the structure that is made up of 2 or more polypeptide chains
what are the two types of proteins?
- globular proteins
2. fibrous proteins
what is hydrophobic?
water hating
what is hydrophilic?
water loving
describe globular proteins
- shape: ball-shaped
- soluble in water because of the way they curl up
example: haemoglobin
describe fibrous proteins
- shape: long strands
- insoluble in water
example: keratin
describe haemoglobin
- made up of 4 polypeptide chains (quaternary structure).
- each chain is itself a protein known as globin.
- contains 4 chains. 2 α-chains(made out of α-globin) and 2 β-chains (made out of β-globin).
- each chain contains a haem group therefore 4 haem groups n every haemoglobin molecule (haem group is a prosthetic group).
- spherical shape because it is a globular protein.
- ionic bonds hold chains together
describe collagen
- 3 polypeptide chains
- each chain is in the shape of an alpha helix (it is NOT an alpha helix)
- 3 helical polypeptides are wound around each other forming a triple helix (held together by hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds)
- almost every third amino acid is glycine
how do the globular proteins curl up?
amino acids with hydrophilic R groups point out and amino acids with hydrophobic R groups point inwards.
2 main lipids
- triglycerides
2. phospholipids
what is the meaning of a saturated molecule?
it means that the molecule contains only single bonds
what is the meaning of a unsaturated molecule?
the molecule that has double bonds is unsaturated.
describe the structure of triglycerides
contains:
1 molecule of glycerol
3 molecules of fatty acids
describe the structure of phospholipids
contains
1 phosphate group
1 glycerol molecule
2 fatty acids
what does fatty acid contain?
- an acid head (COOH)
2. hydrocarbon tail
functions of lipids
- rich sources of energy
2. stores energy
what is adipose tissue?
this is a type of tissue found in humans and animals which help to keep warm during cold times.
function of adipose tissue
- store fat
2. insulate the body (prevent heat loss)
what is hydrophobic and hydrophilic in a phospholipid?
hydrophobic: tails
hydrophilic: head
are triglycerides hydrophilic or hydrophobic ?
hydrophobic
what are the properties of water that make life possible?
- dissolves ions and polar (hydrophilic) molecules.
- it is used as a transport medium.
- it has a high specific heat capacity.
- it has a high latent heat of vaporization.
- it has high surface tension and cohesion.
- it acts as a reagent (helps by being a reactant in chemical reactions in the body)
