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Biology > Chapter 2-Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

position of OH in alpha glucose

A

below

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2
Q

position of OH in beta glucose

A

above

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3
Q

glucose+glucose

A

maltose

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4
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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5
Q

glucose+galactose

A

lactose

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6
Q

types of monosaccharides

A
  1. 3C (triose)
  2. 5C (pentose)
  3. 6C (hexose)
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7
Q

functions of monosaccharides

A
  1. source of energy in respiration

2. building blocks for larger molecules

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8
Q

process by which two sugars join together

A

condensation

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9
Q

describe hydrolysis

A

breaking down of a large molecules by the addition of water.

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10
Q

describe condensation

A

the joining together of two sugar molecules with water as a sudd product

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11
Q

describe the test for non-reducing sugars

A
  1. heat sugar with hydrochloric acid.
  2. add sodium hydroxide
  3. add benedict’s reagent and heat solution

red color indicates non-reducing sugar is present

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12
Q

monomers of polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides

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13
Q

what is the storage polysaccharide in plants and animals?

A

plants: starch
animals: glycogen

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14
Q

starch is mixture of what two substances?

A
  1. amylose

2. amylopectin

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15
Q

what type of glucose is amylose made up of and what are the links?

A
  1. a-glucose

2. 1,4 linked

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16
Q

what type of glucose are amylopectin and glycogen made up of and what are the links?

A
  1. a-glucose

2. 1,4 and 1,6

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17
Q

describe structure of cellulose

A
  1. 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  2. β-glucose
  3. rotated 180
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18
Q

difference between structure of fructose and sucrose

A

fructose has no glycosidic bonds and is a one sugar unit.

sucrose has glycosidic bonds and is made up of disaccharide (2 sugar units)

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19
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

when two atoms share electrons to become more stable, that is called a covalent bond

20
Q

what are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

21
Q

the bond by which 2 amino acids join together

A

peptide bond

22
Q

what are the four bonds in amino acids?

A

NH2, COOH, H and R group.

for every amino acid, the R group is the only group that is different

23
Q

name some functions of proteins

A
  1. all enzymes are proteins
  2. some hormones are proteins
  3. antibodies are made of proteins
24
Q

describe primary structure

A

it is the sequence of amino acids

25
Q

describe secondary structures

A

when the protein becomes alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

26
Q

describe tertiary structure

A 
the compact structure of protein molecules resulting in the coiling of the already folded shape.
the bonds that help with this are:
1. hydrogen bonds
2. ionic bonds
3. disulfide bonds
4. weak hydrophobic interactions
27
Q

describe quaternary structure

A

the structure that is made up of 2 or more polypeptide chains

28
Q

what are the two types of proteins?

A
  1. globular proteins

2. fibrous proteins

29
Q

what is hydrophobic?

A

water hating

30
Q

what is hydrophilic?

A

water loving

31
Q

describe globular proteins

A
  1. shape: ball-shaped
  2. soluble in water because of the way they curl up
    example: haemoglobin
32
Q

describe fibrous proteins

A
  1. shape: long strands
  2. insoluble in water
    example: keratin
33
Q

describe haemoglobin

A
  1. made up of 4 polypeptide chains (quaternary structure).
  2. each chain is itself a protein known as globin.
  3. contains 4 chains. 2 α-chains(made out of α-globin) and 2 β-chains (made out of β-globin).
  4. each chain contains a haem group therefore 4 haem groups n every haemoglobin molecule (haem group is a prosthetic group).
  5. spherical shape because it is a globular protein.
  6. ionic bonds hold chains together
34
Q

describe collagen

A
  1. 3 polypeptide chains
  2. each chain is in the shape of an alpha helix (it is NOT an alpha helix)
  3. 3 helical polypeptides are wound around each other forming a triple helix (held together by hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds)
  4. almost every third amino acid is glycine
35
Q

how do the globular proteins curl up?

A

amino acids with hydrophilic R groups point out and amino acids with hydrophobic R groups point inwards.

36
Q

2 main lipids

A
  1. triglycerides

2. phospholipids

37
Q

what is the meaning of a saturated molecule?

A

it means that the molecule contains only single bonds

38
Q

what is the meaning of a unsaturated molecule?

A

the molecule that has double bonds is unsaturated.

39
Q

describe the structure of triglycerides

A

contains:
1 molecule of glycerol
3 molecules of fatty acids

40
Q

describe the structure of phospholipids

A

contains
1 phosphate group
1 glycerol molecule
2 fatty acids

41
Q

what does fatty acid contain?

A
  1. an acid head (COOH)

2. hydrocarbon tail

42
Q

functions of lipids

A
  1. rich sources of energy

2. stores energy

43
Q

what is adipose tissue?

A

this is a type of tissue found in humans and animals which help to keep warm during cold times.

46
Q

function of adipose tissue

A
  1. store fat

2. insulate the body (prevent heat loss)

47
Q

what is hydrophobic and hydrophilic in a phospholipid?

A

hydrophobic: tails
hydrophilic: head

48
Q

are triglycerides hydrophilic or hydrophobic ?

A

hydrophobic

49
Q

what are the properties of water that make life possible?

A
  1. dissolves ions and polar (hydrophilic) molecules.
  2. it is used as a transport medium.
  3. it has a high specific heat capacity.
  4. it has a high latent heat of vaporization.
  5. it has high surface tension and cohesion.
  6. it acts as a reagent (helps by being a reactant in chemical reactions in the body)

Biology (9 decks)

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