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Life Span Development > Chapter 2- Biological beginnings > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Biological beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Human genome project?

A

the mapping of complete sets of developmental instructions for creating proteins that create human organisms

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2
Q

How many genes do humans have

A

30 000

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3
Q

Genes ______ with each other and with __________ factors

A

collaborate

non genetic factors

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4
Q

What is the specialized process of the production of sperm and egg cells?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

Describe the process of meiosis.

A
  • cells nucleus duplicates and divides twice, ending up with 4 new cells
  • each cell has 23 unpaired chromosomes (half of the genetic material of the parent
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6
Q

What happens when an egg and sperm meet?

A
  • the egg and sperm fuse creating a zygote in the process of fertilization
  • Each zygote has 23 unpaired chromosomes from each parent
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7
Q

In what way do humans maintain variability in their offspring?

A

combining genes of 2 parents

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8
Q

Define genotype.

A

a persons actual genetic material

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9
Q

Define phenotype.

A

observable measurable characteristics of an individual

a range of genotypes can be expressed from one genotype

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10
Q

Describe dominent genes

A

dominent genes override the recessive genes

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11
Q

Describe recessive genes

A

the recessive gene exerts its influence only when both genes in the pair are recessive

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12
Q

What are sex linked genes?

A
  • X-linked inheritance is when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome
  • females are carriers where as males express the characteristics
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13
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

an extra chromosome (21) causes mild to severe intelectual capabilities along with physical abnormalities

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14
Q

What is the treatment for down syndrome?

A

surgery, early detection, infant stimulation, and special learning programs

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15
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)?

A

an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities

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16
Q

What is the treatment for Klinefelter syndrome?

A

hormone therapy

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17
Q

What is Fragile X syndrome?

A

an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disability and short attention span

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18
Q

What is the treatment for fragile X syndrome?

A

special education, speech and language therapy

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19
Q

What is Turner Syndrome (XO)?

A

a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disabilities, and sexual underdevelopment

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20
Q

What is the treatment for turner syndrome?

A

hormone therapy in childhood and puberty

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21
Q

What is XYY syndrome?

A

an extra Y chromosome can cause extra/ above normal height

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22
Q

What is the treatment from XYY syndrome?

A

no special treatment required

23
Q

Name 5 sex linked disorders.

A 
Down syndrome
Klinefelter
Fragile X
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome
24
Q

How often do you see recessive genes expressed?

A

25% of the time

25
Q

What are 7 some gene linked abnormalities?

A 
Cystic fibrosis
Diabetes
Hemophelia
Huntington's Disease
Phenylketonuria
Sickle-cell anemia
Tay-sachs disease
26
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

glandular disfunction that interferes with mucus function; breathing and digestion are hampered resulting in shorter life span

27
Q

What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?

A

physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics; most individuals live to middle age

28
Q

What is the gene linked diabetes?

A

body does not produce enough insulin which cause abnormal metabolism of sugar

29
Q

What is the treatment of diabetes?

A

treated with insulin and diet

30
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

31
Q

What is the treatment of hemophilia?

A

Blood transfusions and injections can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding

32
Q

What is huntington’s disease?

A

central nervous system deteriorates resulting in problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

33
Q

What is the treatment for huntington’s disease?

A

No treatment, does not usually appear until age 35 and death usually occurs in 10 to 20 years

34
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A

is a metabolic disorder that if left untreated results in intellectual ability

35
Q

What is the treatment of phenylketonuria?

A

special diet can result in normal intelligence and ave life span

36
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

blood disorder that limits the bodies oxygen supply; can cause joint swelling as well as heart and kidney failure

37
Q

What is the treatment for sickle cell anemia?

A

penicillin, medication for pain, antibiotics and blood transfusions

38
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

39
Q

How do you treat spina bifida?

A

treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopaedic devices, and physical/medical therapy

40
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

deceleration of mental and physical development caused by accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

41
Q

What is the treatment of Tay-Sachs disease?

A

medication and special diet are used, but death is usually at the age of 5

42
Q

What is behavioural genetics?

A

Behavioural genetics is the study of the influence of heredity and environment on the individual differences in human traits and development

43
Q

What is the significance of twin studies on behavioural genetics field?

A

Use the comparison of identical twins (100% identical genes) and fraternal twins (50% identical)

44
Q

What percent similarities are there in fraternal twins DNA?

A

50%

45
Q

What is the percent similarity in identical twin DNA?

A

100%

46
Q

What is the view of heredity and environment correlation?

A

unidirectional (heredity is changed by environment)

47
Q

What is the epigenetic view?

A

the belief that there is an interaction be tween heredity and environment

48
Q

What are the 3 periods of prenatal development?

A

Germinal
Embryotic
Fetal

49
Q

What is conception?

A

When the sperm unites with the ovum in a process called fertilization

50
Q

How many days does prenatal development take?

A

266 days beginning with conception and ending with birth

51
Q

Describe the germinal period, first stage of prenatal development.

A

Takes place during the first 2 weeks of development; characterized by creation of fertilized egg, cell division and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

52
Q

Describe the embriodic period, the second stage of prenatal development.

A

Occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception; characterized by intensification of rate of cell differentiation, the support system of cells foes and organs appear

53
Q

Describe the fetal period , the 3rd stage in prenatal development.

A

Lasts about 7 months until birth; fetus is viable after about 6 months in the womb and can survive outside the womb

54
Q

What is the average weight of american bevies?

A

7 1/2 pounds and is about 20 inches long

Life Span Development (6 decks)

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