Chapter 2- Biological beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Human genome project?

A

the mapping of complete sets of developmental instructions for creating proteins that create human organisms

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2
Q

How many genes do humans have

A

30 000

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3
Q

Genes ______ with each other and with __________ factors

A

collaborate

non genetic factors

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4
Q

What is the specialized process of the production of sperm and egg cells?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

Describe the process of meiosis.

A
  • cells nucleus duplicates and divides twice, ending up with 4 new cells
  • each cell has 23 unpaired chromosomes (half of the genetic material of the parent
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6
Q

What happens when an egg and sperm meet?

A
  • the egg and sperm fuse creating a zygote in the process of fertilization
  • Each zygote has 23 unpaired chromosomes from each parent
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7
Q

In what way do humans maintain variability in their offspring?

A

combining genes of 2 parents

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8
Q

Define genotype.

A

a persons actual genetic material

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9
Q

Define phenotype.

A

observable measurable characteristics of an individual

a range of genotypes can be expressed from one genotype

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10
Q

Describe dominent genes

A

dominent genes override the recessive genes

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11
Q

Describe recessive genes

A

the recessive gene exerts its influence only when both genes in the pair are recessive

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12
Q

What are sex linked genes?

A
  • X-linked inheritance is when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome
  • females are carriers where as males express the characteristics
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13
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

an extra chromosome (21) causes mild to severe intelectual capabilities along with physical abnormalities

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14
Q

What is the treatment for down syndrome?

A

surgery, early detection, infant stimulation, and special learning programs

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15
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)?

A

an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities

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16
Q

What is the treatment for Klinefelter syndrome?

A

hormone therapy

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17
Q

What is Fragile X syndrome?

A

an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disability and short attention span

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18
Q

What is the treatment for fragile X syndrome?

A

special education, speech and language therapy

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19
Q

What is Turner Syndrome (XO)?

A

a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disabilities, and sexual underdevelopment

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20
Q

What is the treatment for turner syndrome?

A

hormone therapy in childhood and puberty

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21
Q

What is XYY syndrome?

A

an extra Y chromosome can cause extra/ above normal height

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22
Q

What is the treatment from XYY syndrome?

A

no special treatment required

23
Q

Name 5 sex linked disorders.

A
Down syndrome
Klinefelter
Fragile X
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome
24
Q

How often do you see recessive genes expressed?

A

25% of the time

25
What are 7 some gene linked abnormalities?
``` Cystic fibrosis Diabetes Hemophelia Huntington's Disease Phenylketonuria Sickle-cell anemia Tay-sachs disease ```
26
What is cystic fibrosis?
glandular disfunction that interferes with mucus function; breathing and digestion are hampered resulting in shorter life span
27
What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?
physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics; most individuals live to middle age
28
What is the gene linked diabetes?
body does not produce enough insulin which cause abnormal metabolism of sugar
29
What is the treatment of diabetes?
treated with insulin and diet
30
What is hemophilia?
delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
31
What is the treatment of hemophilia?
Blood transfusions and injections can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding
32
What is huntington's disease?
central nervous system deteriorates resulting in problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
33
What is the treatment for huntington's disease?
No treatment, does not usually appear until age 35 and death usually occurs in 10 to 20 years
34
What is phenylketonuria?
is a metabolic disorder that if left untreated results in intellectual ability
35
What is the treatment of phenylketonuria?
special diet can result in normal intelligence and ave life span
36
What is sickle cell anemia?
blood disorder that limits the bodies oxygen supply; can cause joint swelling as well as heart and kidney failure
37
What is the treatment for sickle cell anemia?
penicillin, medication for pain, antibiotics and blood transfusions
38
What is spina bifida?
neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities
39
How do you treat spina bifida?
treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopaedic devices, and physical/medical therapy
40
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
deceleration of mental and physical development caused by accumulation of lipids in the nervous system
41
What is the treatment of Tay-Sachs disease?
medication and special diet are used, but death is usually at the age of 5
42
What is behavioural genetics?
Behavioural genetics is the study of the influence of heredity and environment on the individual differences in human traits and development
43
What is the significance of twin studies on behavioural genetics field?
Use the comparison of identical twins (100% identical genes) and fraternal twins (50% identical)
44
What percent similarities are there in fraternal twins DNA?
50%
45
What is the percent similarity in identical twin DNA?
100%
46
What is the view of heredity and environment correlation?
unidirectional (heredity is changed by environment)
47
What is the epigenetic view?
the belief that there is an interaction be tween heredity and environment
48
What are the 3 periods of prenatal development?
Germinal Embryotic Fetal
49
What is conception?
When the sperm unites with the ovum in a process called fertilization
50
How many days does prenatal development take?
266 days beginning with conception and ending with birth
51
Describe the germinal period, first stage of prenatal development.
Takes place during the first 2 weeks of development; characterized by creation of fertilized egg, cell division and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
52
Describe the embriodic period, the second stage of prenatal development.
Occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception; characterized by intensification of rate of cell differentiation, the support system of cells foes and organs appear
53
Describe the fetal period , the 3rd stage in prenatal development.
Lasts about 7 months until birth; fetus is viable after about 6 months in the womb and can survive outside the womb
54
What is the average weight of american bevies?
7 1/2 pounds and is about 20 inches long