Chapter 2- Biological beginnings

Question 1

What was the Human genome project?

Answer 1

the mapping of complete sets of developmental instructions for creating proteins that create human organisms

Question 2

How many genes do humans have

Answer 2

30 000

Question 3

Genes ______ with each other and with __________ factors

Answer 3

collaborate

non genetic factors

Question 4

What is the specialized process of the production of sperm and egg cells?

Answer 4

Meiosis

Question 5

Describe the process of meiosis.

Answer 5

• cells nucleus duplicates and divides twice, ending up with 4 new cells
• each cell has 23 unpaired chromosomes (half of the genetic material of the parent

Question 6

What happens when an egg and sperm meet?

Answer 6

• the egg and sperm fuse creating a zygote in the process of fertilization
• Each zygote has 23 unpaired chromosomes from each parent

Question 7

In what way do humans maintain variability in their offspring?

Answer 7

combining genes of 2 parents

Question 8

Define genotype.

Answer 8

a persons actual genetic material

Question 9

Define phenotype.

Answer 9

observable measurable characteristics of an individual

a range of genotypes can be expressed from one genotype

Question 10

Describe dominent genes

Answer 10

dominent genes override the recessive genes

Question 11

Describe recessive genes

Answer 11

the recessive gene exerts its influence only when both genes in the pair are recessive

Question 12

What are sex linked genes?

Answer 12

• X-linked inheritance is when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome
• females are carriers where as males express the characteristics

Question 13

What is down syndrome?

Answer 13

an extra chromosome (21) causes mild to severe intelectual capabilities along with physical abnormalities

Question 14

What is the treatment for down syndrome?

Answer 14

surgery, early detection, infant stimulation, and special learning programs

Question 15

What is Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)?

Answer 15

an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities

Question 16

What is the treatment for Klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 16

hormone therapy

Question 17

What is Fragile X syndrome?

Answer 17

an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disability and short attention span

Question 18

What is the treatment for fragile X syndrome?

Answer 18

special education, speech and language therapy

Question 19

What is Turner Syndrome (XO)?

Answer 19

a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disabilities, and sexual underdevelopment

Question 20

What is the treatment for turner syndrome?

Answer 20

hormone therapy in childhood and puberty

Question 21

What is XYY syndrome?

Answer 21

an extra Y chromosome can cause extra/ above normal height

Question 22

What is the treatment from XYY syndrome?

Answer 22

no special treatment required

Question 23

Name 5 sex linked disorders.

Answer 23

Down syndrome
Klinefelter
Fragile X
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome

Question 24

How often do you see recessive genes expressed?

Answer 24

25% of the time

Question 25

What are 7 some gene linked abnormalities?

Answer 25

``` Cystic fibrosis Diabetes Hemophelia Huntington's Disease Phenylketonuria Sickle-cell anemia Tay-sachs disease ```

Question 26

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 26

glandular disfunction that interferes with mucus function; breathing and digestion are hampered resulting in shorter life span

Question 27

What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?

Answer 27

physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics; most individuals live to middle age

Question 28

What is the gene linked diabetes?

Answer 28

body does not produce enough insulin which cause abnormal metabolism of sugar

Question 29

What is the treatment of diabetes?

Answer 29

treated with insulin and diet

Question 30

What is hemophilia?

Answer 30

delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

Question 31

What is the treatment of hemophilia?

Answer 31

Blood transfusions and injections can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding

Question 32

What is huntington's disease?

Answer 32

central nervous system deteriorates resulting in problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

Question 33

What is the treatment for huntington's disease?

Answer 33

No treatment, does not usually appear until age 35 and death usually occurs in 10 to 20 years

Question 34

What is phenylketonuria?

Answer 34

is a metabolic disorder that if left untreated results in intellectual ability

Question 35

What is the treatment of phenylketonuria?

Answer 35

special diet can result in normal intelligence and ave life span

Question 36

What is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 36

blood disorder that limits the bodies oxygen supply; can cause joint swelling as well as heart and kidney failure

Question 37

What is the treatment for sickle cell anemia?

Answer 37

penicillin, medication for pain, antibiotics and blood transfusions

Question 38

What is spina bifida?

Answer 38

neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

Question 39

How do you treat spina bifida?

Answer 39

treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopaedic devices, and physical/medical therapy

Question 40

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 40

deceleration of mental and physical development caused by accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

Question 41

What is the treatment of Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 41

medication and special diet are used, but death is usually at the age of 5

Question 42

What is behavioural genetics?

Answer 42

Behavioural genetics is the study of the influence of heredity and environment on the individual differences in human traits and development

Question 43

What is the significance of twin studies on behavioural genetics field?

Answer 43

Use the comparison of identical twins (100% identical genes) and fraternal twins (50% identical)

Question 44

What percent similarities are there in fraternal twins DNA?

Answer 44

50%

Question 45

What is the percent similarity in identical twin DNA?

Answer 45

100%

Question 46

What is the view of heredity and environment correlation?

Answer 46

unidirectional (heredity is changed by environment)

Question 47

What is the epigenetic view?

Answer 47

the belief that there is an interaction be tween heredity and environment

Question 48

What are the 3 periods of prenatal development?

Answer 48

Germinal Embryotic Fetal

Question 49

What is conception?

Answer 49

When the sperm unites with the ovum in a process called fertilization

Question 50

How many days does prenatal development take?

Answer 50

266 days beginning with conception and ending with birth

Question 51

Describe the germinal period, first stage of prenatal development.

Answer 51

Takes place during the first 2 weeks of development; characterized by creation of fertilized egg, cell division and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Question 52

Describe the embriodic period, the second stage of prenatal development.

Answer 52

Occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception; characterized by intensification of rate of cell differentiation, the support system of cells foes and organs appear

Question 53

Describe the fetal period , the 3rd stage in prenatal development.

Answer 53

Lasts about 7 months until birth; fetus is viable after about 6 months in the womb and can survive outside the womb

Question 54

What is the average weight of american bevies?

Answer 54

7 1/2 pounds and is about 20 inches long