Chapter 2 Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism Flashcards
substrate nutrients
protein, carbohydrates, fats
Bioenergetics
the breakdown of substrates by use of chemical pathways that convert into energy used by cells.
metabolism
all chemical reactions in the body
energy in humans is expressed as
kilocalorie
Carbohydrates are the only for fuel for the ___ and can impact cognitive function negatively if not sufficient.
brain
carbohydrates are stored broken down to ___ which is a usable source for the body.
glucose
Glucose can be stored in the muscle cells for ATP production, liver foruse in the blood and active tissues. What is the storage form of glucose called?
Glycogen
Fat is used for energy and is stored in the body as?
Triglycerides
Once stored body fat (triglycerides) is broken down it is converted to?
Free fatty acids and glycerol.
what is used to produce ATP when referring to stored body fat?
Free Fatty Acids
Non energy producing fats in the body are?
Steroids and phospholipids
Proteins can supply energy and need to be transformed from ___ to either ___ or ____?
amino acids, free fatty acids or glucose.
Gluconeogenesis is?
amino acids or free fatty acids are covered to glucose.
lipogenesis is?
conversion of amino acids to free fatty acids
Release of energy from breaking chemical compounds needs to occur at a ____ rate?
controlled
The rate at which chemical compounds are broken down to release energy is controlled by?
Availably of primary substrate and enzyme activity.
Enzymes (generic deffiniton)
speed up the break down of chemical molecules (catabolism).
Enzymes DO NOT Cause
cause the chemical reaction to occur or the amount of usable energy produced.
Enzymes DO Cause
the lowering of Activation Energy that is required to begin the reaction.
Rate limiting Enzyme
is the slowest step for a given reaction to occur which determines the overall rate of rate of reaction.
How does a rate-limiting enzyme illustrate negative feedback?
By inhibiting the regulatory enzyme that limits the rate of the reaction
