Chapter 2: Basic Exercise Science Flashcards
What are the primary functions of the nervous system?
Sensory, integrative and motor functions.
What is the CNS?
The Central nervous system, composed of the brain and spinal cord
Define the nervous system.
One of the main organ systems of the body that consists of a specialized network of cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals that create a communication system of the human body.
Central and peripheral refer to the two parts of what system in the body?
The nervous system
What is the Human Movement System?
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular and skeletal systems.
What is proprioception?
The body’s ability to sense the position of adjacent parts of the body.
What does neuromuscular mean?
The nervous and muscular systems.
A persons ability to decipher that they are walking on the sidewalk in comparison to the sand is called what in the nervous system?
Sensory function
What is the functional unit of the nervous system called?
Neuron
Billions of these make up the complex structure of the nervous system.
Neurons
A specialized cell that processes and transmits information through both electrical and chemical signals.
Neuron
What are Interneurons
They are what transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
These convert environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response.
Sensory receptors
What are the 4 types of sensory receptors?
Mechanoreceptors (respond to touch pressure)
Nociceptors (respond to pain)
Chemoreceptors (respond to chemical reaction, taste, smell)
Photoreceptors (respond to light, vision)
What sensory receptors do personal trainers need to be familiar with because they primarily pertain to human movement?
Mechanoreceptors - respond to mechanical forces like touch and pressure
What are muscle spindles?
Sensory Receptors within the muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers.
What purpose do bone markings serve?
1) increase stability in joints
2) provide attachment sites for muscles
What 2 categories are surface markings divided into?
Depressions and processes
What are the different types of bones?
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
How many bones make up the skeletal system?
206
What is the axial skeleton comprised of?
Skull
Rib cage
Vertebrae column
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
Upper and lower extremities
Shoulder and pelvic girdles
What 2 functions do bones serve, relative to movement?
1) leverage
2) support
What is remolding?
The process of renewing bones through resorption and bone formation.
What is the name of a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (this is the breaking down of old bone).
Osteoclasts
What are the three major curves of the adult human spine?
1) a posterior cervical curvature
2) an anterior thoracic curvature
3) a posterior lumbar curvature
How are joints formed?
By one bone that articulates with another bone.
What is arthrokinematics?
Joint motion
What are the three major motion types of joints?
Roll
Slide
Spin
Synovial joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
What is the functional unit of the muscle system?
Sarcomere
Sarcomere
The functional unit of the muscle that produces muscle contractions made up of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments.
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle
What is Biomechanics?
The science of internal and external forces acting on the body. (external force being e.x. weights, internal force being e.x. muscle contraction or pressure)
Kinesiology
The study of human movement
anatomic position
standing feet spread, face, hands and palms facing forward.
anterior position
on or toward the front (most assessments are done from an anterior perspective)
posterior position
on or towards the back
superior position
upper (a position that is above another)
inferior position
lower (a position below another)
Proximal
closer to the center (horizontal)
distal
further from the center
medial
toward the midline (vertical)
lateral
farther from the midline
prone
body position where on is lying with the face downward
supine
lying on back face upward
triple flexion
a multi-joint exercise that involves flexion at the hip, knew (squat) the starting and ending position are triple flexion.
Body is apron. ____% water?
60%
pronation
(flexed foot rotate out) associated force reduction
supination
associated with force production (pointed foot rotate in)
What are the basic muscle phases in muscle action spectrum?
eccentric, isometric, concentric
carrying a box into the house (assuming you arent moving your arm) would be considered which phase in the muscle action spectrum?
isometric
eccentric
consistently and slowly reducing force while lengthening muscle- i.e. lowering bicep curl
the shortening of a muscle during a bicep curl is considered what?
concentric
