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Foundations In Biology > Chapter 2. Basic Components Of Living Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 2. Basic Components Of Living Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two fundamental types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

They are single-celled organisms with a simple structure of just a undivided internal area called the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What do eukaryotic cells make up?

A

A eukaryotic cell makes up multicellular organisms. Such as animals,plants and fungi.

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4
Q

What is a eukaryotic cells internal structure?

A

Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane noun nucleus (nucleoplasm) and cytoplasm

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5
Q

What divides the cytoplasm into different membrane-bound compartments?

A

Organelles

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6
Q

How permeable are membranes?

A

Membranes are partially permeable

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7
Q

Where is DNA contained?

A

DNA is contained within a double membrane called the nuclear envelope

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8
Q

How is RNA exported?

A

Through the digital pores

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9
Q

What does DNA associate with to form chromatin?

A

Histones

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10
Q

What does chromatin form?

A

Chromosomes

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11
Q

Where is the nucleolus found?

A

In the nucleus

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12
Q

What is the nucleolus responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the production of ribsomes

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13
Q

What is the amount of mitochondria in a cell a reflection of?

A

The amount of energy it uses

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14
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

It is the site of the last stages of cellular respiration.

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15
Q

What type of membrane does mitochondria have?

A

A double membrane

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16
Q

What is folded to form cistae?

A

The inner membrane in mitochondria

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17
Q

What is the matrix?

A

The fluid interior of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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18
Q

What does the membrane forming cistae contain?

A

The enzymes used in mitochondria

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19
Q

What are vesicles?

A

They are membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles

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20
Q

What do vesicles consist of?

A

They consist of a single membrane with fluid inside

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21
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They are specialised forms of vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes.

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22
Q

What are are lysosomes responsible for?

A

Breaking down waste material in cells including old organelles

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23
Q

What are responsible for breaking down pathogens ingested by phagocytise cells?

A

Lysosomes

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24
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton present?

A

Throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton necessary for?

A

The shape and stability of a cell

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26
Q

What are the cytoskeletons 3 components?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate fibres
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27
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

They are contractile fibres that are formed from the protein actin.

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28
Q

What are microfilaments responsible for?

A

The cell movement and the cell contraction during cytokinesis - the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells.

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29
Q

What are microtubulin?

A

Globular tubulin proteins polymerised to form tubes that are used to determine the shape of the cell

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30
Q

What tracks the movement of organelles around the eukaryotic cell?

A

Microtubules

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31
Q

What are intermediate fibres?

A

Fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity

32
Q

What are centrioles composed of?

A

Microtubules

33
Q

What do two centrioles form?

A

The centrosome, which is involved in the assembly and organisation of the spindle fibres during cell division.

34
Q

Why is flagella used in cells?

A

To enable motility, or in some cells used as a sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in the cells environment

35
Q

What are the two different types of cilia?

A
  • Mobile

- Stationary

36
Q

What is stationary cilia?

A

It is present on the surface of many cells and has an important function in sensory organs such as the nose

37
Q

What is mobile cilia?

A

It causes fluids of object adjacent to the cell to move by the cilia beating in a rhythmic manner creating a current

38
Q

What structure does each cilium have?

A

Each cilium contains two central microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of microtubules. This is known as a 9+2 arrangement.?

39
Q

How is the beating motion in cilia caused?

A

By pairs of parallel microtubules sliding over each other

40
Q

Why is it important to synthesise proteins?

A

For internal use and for secretion (transport out of the cell)

41
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of membranes enclosing flatted sacs called cisterns.

42
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum connected to?

A

The outer membrane of the nucleus

43
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and Rough

44
Q

What is the smooth ER responsible for?

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

45
Q

What does the rough ER have bound to it?

A

Ribosomes

46
Q

What is the rough ER responsible for?

A

The synthesis and transport of proteins

47
Q

What are ribosome constructed of?

A

RNA molecules made in the nucleolus of the cell

48
Q

What process are ribosomes the site of?

A

Protein synthesis

49
Q

Where else can you find ribosomes?

A

In the mitochondria, chloroplast and prokaryotic cells

50
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus formed of?

A

Cisternae- does no contain ribosomes

51
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus’ role?

A

Modifying proteins and ‘packing’ then into vesicles.’

52
Q

What is the Kane difference between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells are ridged, they have a cell wall surrounding the cell-surface membrane

53
Q

What substance are plant cells made up of?

A

Cellulose - a complex carbohydrate

54
Q

How permeable are plant cells?

A

Freely permeable

55
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are found in plant cells and are membranes lined sacs in the cytoplasm containing cell sap

56
Q

What are permanent vacuoles important in the maintenance of?

A

Tutor

57
Q

What is the membrane in a vacuole called?

A

Tonoplast

58
Q

How permeable is tonoplast?

A

Partially permeable

59
Q

If vacuoles appear in animal cells how permanent are they?

A

They are small and transient - not permanent

60
Q

What are chloroplasts responsible for in plant cells?

A

Photosynthesis

61
Q

Where are chloroplasts found in plants?

A

In the cells in the green parts such as the leaves and stems - not the roots

62
Q

What type of membranes does chloroplasts have?

A

Double membrane

63
Q

What is the fluid enclosed in chloroplasts called?

A

Storms

64
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

They are an internal network of membranes, that are flattened sacs found in chloroplast

65
Q

What are several thylakoids stacked together called?

A

Granum

66
Q

What is the grana joined by membranes called?

A

Lamella

67
Q

What does the grana contain?

A

Chlorophyll, where light-dependent reactions occur during photosynthesis

68
Q

Why is chloroplast and mitochondria similar?

A

They both contain DNA and ribosomes - which enables them to make their own proteins

69
Q

Are prokaryotic organisms multi cellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

70
Q

How many molecules of DNA does prokaryotic cells usually have?

A

One - a chromosome

71
Q

How big are the ribosomomes in prokaryotic cells compared to those in eukaryotic cells?

A

They are smaller than those in eukaryotic cells

72
Q

What are prokaryotic cells cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

73
Q

Does the flagella in prokaryotic cells have a 9+2 structure?

A

No

74
Q

What process supplies the energy to rotate the filament that forms the flagellum in prokaryotic cells?

A

Chemiosmosis

75
Q

What is the flagellum attached to the cell membrane of a bacterium by in prokaryotic cells?

A

By a basal body and rotated by a molecular motor

Foundations In Biology (3 decks)

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