Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology 350 > Chapter 2: Bacteria > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Bacteria Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T/F: most bacteria are the same shape/morphology

A

False! Bacteria can take many different shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Spherical bacteria include…
Rod shaped bacteria include…
Comma-shaped bacteria include…
Sprial bacteria include

A

s. coccus, pl. cocci
s. bacillus, pl. bacilli
s. vibrio, pl. vibrios
s. spirillum, pl. spirilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

These type of bacteria are of many shapes

A

Pleiomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Multicellular organization of bacteria into branching filaments of cells

Multicellular organization of bacteria into tufts of hyphae

A

Hyphae

Myclia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Multicellular organization of cells into smooth, unbranched chains of cells (like stacked pennies)

Trichomes are usually found in

A

Trichomes

Cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: the size of bacteria can vary greatly and are usually smaller than eukaryal cells

A

True!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This bacteria is an exception to the general size parameters of bacteria and is up to 700 micrometers in diameter

This bacteria is also an exception to the general size parameters of bacteria and is 200-700 micrometers x 80 micrometers

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

Epulopiscium fishelsoni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These type of cell are sometimes only 0.2 micrometers in diameter (quite small) and have no cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the largest area of the cytoplasm which houses the chromosome and DNA replication machinery?

A

Nucleoid Region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Other than the nucleoid region, the remainder of the cytoplasm in bacterial cells is a stew of

What else may be present in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells?

A

Macromolecules (tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, proteins, etc)

Inclusion bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This inclusion body is used as carbon storage

This inclusion body is used as sulfur storage

A

Polyhydroxybutyrate

Sulfur Globules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

These inclusion bodies are useful in buoyancy control

These inclusion bodies are the location of photosynthetic carbon fixation reactions

These inclusion bodies are the organelles associated with direction finding

A

Gas vesicles

Carboxysomes

Magnetosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A series of internal proteins in bacteria that assists in keeping everything in the right locations or moving them to the right locations in cells.

How is it different from the eukaryotic version?

A

Cytoskeleton

Prokaryote cytoskeleton is made of different proteins than eukaryote cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This cytoskeleton protein aids in cell division by forming a Z ring in the center of the cell, and thereby determines the septum where the cell divides into two

This cytoskeleton protein provides structure (rod) for cell division by polymerizing to form actin-like helical bands next to the plasma membrane, forming peptidoglycan cell wall

A

FtsZ

MreB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are cytoskeletons in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells made of different proteins?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This cytoskeletal protein connects two plasmids

This cytoskeletal protein directs plasmid movement to opposite poles of the cell by associating with the above protein

This cytoskeletal protein coordinates the movement of magnetosomes

A

ParR

ParM

MamK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What differentiates the bacterial cell membrane from the eukaryotic cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane of bacterial cells is important in energy production (ETC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can cause a pleiomorphic shape in bacterial cells?

A

A lack of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hyphae and mycelia shapes are typically thought of as ____, but can be bacteria too

How would you determine which it is?

A

Fungi

Check for nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What technological advance allowed us to view microbial cells more closely?

A

Electron microscopes that had increased resolving power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What shape is the DNA in prokaryotes

What is the extra DNA that separate from the main chromosome and can process nutrients that can’t be processed elsewhere? Also a site of antiobiotic resistant genes

A

A circle

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 components of a phospholipid?

What is unique among phospholipids?

A

2 fatty acid tails
glycerol molecule
phosphate

Each has different R groups attached to Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The plasma membrane of bacterial cells has sterol molecules called ______ that help with stability across various temperature ranges. It is found in some, but not all, bacteria.

What’s an example of an exception?

A

Hopanoids, aka bacteriopanetetrol

mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This type of membrane protein passes through the phospholipid bilayer

This type is only on the edges

A

integral membrane protein

peripheral membrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which are more solid at the same temp, unsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids (think oils vs. butter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Higher temperatures trigger more of saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids? What effect does it have on hopanoids?

A

Saturated fatty acids. They increase the presence of hopanoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lower temperatures trigger more saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids? What effect does it have on hopanoids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids. They decrease the presence of hopanoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In the presence of ethanol, a compound that breaks down cell membranes, does in increase saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids. What effect does it have on hopanoids?

A

Saturated fatty acids. Increases hopanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why can O2 and CO2 diffuse across the PM readily?

A

They are small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In simple diffusion is energy required?

Solutes go from ____ concentration to ____ concentration

A

No

High to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why can lipophilic molecules (like vitamins) diffuse easily across the PM?

A

Because of the lipophilic center in the PM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does water get across the PM even though it’s charged?

A

Aquaporin protein channels. It can also slip between phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of movement is water through aquaporin channels?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A cell that has an equal concentration of water and solute as its environment is termed

A cell that has less H2O than its surrounding environment and more solutes is termed

A cell that has more H2O than its environment and less solutes is termed

A

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of environment (tonicity) is the cell wall most useful? Why?

A

Hypotonic, because it prevents the cell from bursting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are most type of bacterial cells in terms of tonicity with their environment?

A

Hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In hypertonic cells, water moves out, the cell wall stays the same, but the inside of the cell shrivels. It explains why salt was commonly used as a preservative. What is this process called?

A

Plasmolysis. Bacteria can’t grow because they shrivel up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of tonic environment do mycoplasma function within, as they have no cell wall?

A

isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This type of diffusion uses a protein channel to move particles with a concentration gradient and requires no energy. In other words, particles move from high concentration to low concentration

A

Facilitated Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This type of transport into the cell is used in environments where nutrients aren’t very rich. It requires energy as it moves solutes from low concentrations to high concentrations and uses a protein.

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Do eukaryotes or prokaryootes depend upon active transport more?

A

Prokaryotes, they needed it to evolve in harsh environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

This type of active transport has the ion move in its gradient with the solute moving in the same direction.

A

Symport active transport.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This type of active has the ion moving in the direction of its gradient and the solute moving in the opposite direction

A

Antiport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why does the ion gradient work to move ions?

A

Repulsive Charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the space between the cell wall and the PM called? It is a fluid area with dissolved substances and proteins

A

Periplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the proteins in the fluid of the periplasm called?

A

Solute binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In ATP cassette transport there are proteins on the membrane. a nutrient binds to the ___________ binds to the protein channel, and opens it with the help of energy from _____

A

solute binding proteins

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The PM in bacterial cells can also be used for capturing energy. Name the three ways.

A

Embedded transport chains can help create proton motive force (PMF)
Can be used for respiration/photosynthesis
Can be used to derive energy for motion (flagella)

49
Q

This process allows bacteria to know the population number in the surroundings in a chemical way

A

Quorum Sensing

50
Q

Quorum Sensing can sometimes lead to virulence, because it produces toxins like this one that induces high fever and shock response

A

Superantigen

51
Q

This type of protein that is secreted from cells leads to diseases
This type binds to iron and brings it inside the cell
This type is digestive for the cell

A

Toxins
Siderophores
Enzyme

52
Q

During the process of protein secretion, this protein binds to a protein that will be secreted and blocks it from folding before moving through the channel. If this didn’t occur the protein couldn’t make it thru the channel

A

SecB

53
Q

These 3 proteins form the channel used in protein secretion

A

SecY, SecE, SecG

54
Q

This protein provides the energy for protein secretion by hydrolizing ATP to allow protein to move thru the channel

A

SecA

55
Q

A crucial structure of the cell that gives them shape and protection from osmotic lysis/mechanical forces

A

The Cell Wall

56
Q

The cell wall is composed of crosslinked strands of _________ subunits forming a matrix, similar to a chain-link fence

A

Peptidogylcan subunits

57
Q

Peptidoglycan subunits connect to make a

A

Polymer, disaccharide

58
Q

What two molecules is one peptidoglycan subunit composed of?

A

NAM + NAG

N-Acetylmuramic Acid
N-Acetylglucosamine

59
Q

A peptide chain is linked to which subunit?

A

NAM

60
Q

The peptide located closest to the NAM disaccharide is numbered

The one furthest is numbered

Note: tetra = 4 for the chain

A

1

4

61
Q

The amino acids can vary on the peptide in which disaccharide?

What else can vary about peptidoglycans?

A

NAM

The way the peptides are linked

62
Q

Which has less of the crosslinkages, Gram (-) or gram (+)

A

Gram (-)

63
Q

Which is thicker, gram negative or gram positive cell walls?

Why?

A

Gram positive

It has more peptidoglycan layers in the VERTICAL plane

64
Q

In the forming of the cell wall, the first step is synthesizing ______ and linking it to UDP (its peptide chain) in the cytoplasm

In the second step, it is linked to..

A

NAM

Bactoprenol

65
Q

In the third step of forming the cell wall, after NAM is linked to bactoprenol, what is linked to the NAM?

In the fourth step, what happens?

A

NAG

Bactoprenol flips the NAM-NAH complex into the periplasm

66
Q

In the fifth step of forming the cell wall, after bactoprenol flips the chaininto the periplasm, what is added to the chain?

What else occurs?

What is the final step

A

A dissacharide

Cross linking of chains

Bactoprenol flips back into the cytoplasm

67
Q

What cuts the B1-4 linkage in the peptidoglycan chain in order for more pieces to be set in?

A

Autolysins

68
Q

What cleaves the bactoprenol away from the chain when forming the cell wall?

A

An enzyme

69
Q

What connects the newly formed peptidoglycan to the existing polymer?

A

Glycosidase

70
Q

This is naturally released into tissue fluids to degrade the cell wall, and is particularly effective on gram + walls

What does it target?

Note: not the same thing as lysozome

A

Lysozyme

B1-4 Linkage

71
Q

This also degrades the cell wall, acts on the crossbridge of different Staphylococcus sp.

A

Lysostaphin

72
Q

This molecule prevents the peptidoglycan crosslinking from forming by inhibiting the enzyme that crosslinks it. Antibiotics based upon this are only good during the log phase, because this is when linking occurs.

A

B-Lactam

73
Q

When the cell wall is weakened by lysozyme, what results in isotonic conditions

Why is that useful?

What results in hypotonic conditions?

A

A protoplast

It can be used to study the cell membrane

A ruptured protoplast

74
Q

What does B-lactamase, the antibiotic resistant enzyme, do to the B-lactam ring structure?

How is this combated?

A

It destroys it

We add a second drug that inhibits B-lactamase

75
Q

The cell wall is critical, but are they all the same?

What two classes can microbes be separated into based upon their cell wall?

What procedure can differentiate which microbes are which category?

A

Gram +

Gram -

The Gram Stain

76
Q

In the first step of the Gram Stain, bacteria are stained with

In the second step _______ stabilizes the crystal violet within the cellular material

A

crystal violet

Iodine

77
Q

In the third step of the iodine stain, what is added to the bacteria to attempt to extract the crystal violet from the cell?

In the fourth step, what are the bacteria stained with?

A

Alcohol

Safranin

78
Q

What behavior do gram positive and negative molecules exhibit under the gram stain

A

Gram positive - remains purple

Gram negative - Cleaved of crystal violet, is clear until stained with safranin and then becomes pink

79
Q

In this type of cell, there is a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan, and a narrow periplasmic space.

A

Gram Positive Cells

80
Q

These are negatively charged molecules that are in the peptidogylcan of gram positive cells

A

Teichoic Acids

81
Q

This type of teichoic acid only penetrates the peptidoglycan, is shorter

A

Wall Teichoic Acid

82
Q

This type of teichoic acid goes all the way through the peptidoglycan, and penetrates through the periplasm to the lipid membrane

A

Lipoteichoic Acid

83
Q

This structure on the surface of gram positive cells helps the cell attach to surfaces where they need to grow, and can be involved in virulence

A

Wall Surface Protein

84
Q

This type of cell has a periplasmic space of varying width with a very thin layer of peptidoglycan, and has been termed asymmetrical due to the outer membrane

A

Gram-negative cell

85
Q

What is the outer membrane of gram-negative cells composed of?

How is it beneficial?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

It provides an additional barrier that lysozymes cannot get past, some antibiotics can’t either

86
Q

What aspect of LPS from gram-negative cells can be harmful when the cell isn’t alive? It is released from the cell wall when a cell is dead.

What effect can it have?

Is it hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

Lipid A

A strong inflammatory response

Hydrophobic. That doesn’t make sense to me at the moment since its outside of the membrane…

87
Q

This portion of the LPS in gram-negative cells is a side chain of polysiccharides and it can vary dramatically, and even be changed by the microbe to evade host immune responses

What is the core of the LPS made of?

A

O side chain

Sugar (called core polysaccharide)

88
Q

How can nutrients get through the gram-positive cell wall?

A

It has large pores throughout its matrix

89
Q

How can nutrients get through the gram-negative cell?

Where do they transfer molecules to?

What then moves the molecule into the cytoplasm?

A

Porin and TonB proteins

The periplasmic space

Active Transport mechanisms

90
Q

This protein is a channel protein in gram-negative cells and is a trimer (has 3 parts), it helps hydrophilic substances go through the cell wall

This protein has more variety in types of receptors for more types of nutrients than the one above

A

Porin

TonB

91
Q

One way molecules get out of a gram negative cell, they move directly from the periplasm to outside and are rare.

These use never enter the periplasm

A

Autotransporters

Single Step Transport

92
Q

In this type of secretion system, the cell releases chemical that can control the metabolism and behavior of other body cells.

What is it related to because of the protein that makes it?

A

Type III Secretion System

Flagella

93
Q

This step of the gram stain shrinks the large pores in the gram-positive cell, helping to lock the crystal violet stain in. It also may strip away some of the outer membrane lipids in the gram negative cells, making them more likely to lose the initial crystal violet stain.

A

Alcohol Decolorization

94
Q

What would happen in a gram stain with a percent ethanol that is too low?

What would happen if you overdecolorized it

Underdecolorize? like not colorizing long enough?

A

The pores wouldn’t shrink and the gram positives would look pink

The gram positives would look like gram negatives

Gram negative look like gram positives

95
Q

Can you perform a gram stain without a cell wall?

A

Yes, but it won’t hold it in when the decolorizer is around it

96
Q

Describe the movement of bacterial flagella

A

Rotation, not wiggling.

97
Q

Type of flagella with tails at the end(s) of the structure

Type of flagella with tails all over the place

Type of flagella with a bunch of tails on one end

A

Polar Flagella

Peritrichous Flagella

Lophotrichous

98
Q

Describe the structure of proteins in the flagella

What is the structure between the tail and the basal body called?

What part of the flagella generates movement?

A

Left handed helix

The hook

The basal body

99
Q

Which type of bacteria has both inner and outer rings in the basal body, which produce torque on filament to turn the flagella like a propeller?

What type of bacteria has only inner rings?

A

Gram-negative

Gram-positive
think about the way that they are structured

100
Q

Energy to spin the flagella is derived from the….

A

Proton Motive Force (PMF)

101
Q

Protons are pumped into the periplasm, and the rings work like a revolving door of + and - charges, causing attraction and repulsion from the periplasm

A

Proton Motive Force (PMF)

102
Q

What would happen if you starved the flagella?

A

The PMF doesn’t work and the bacteria can’t swim

103
Q

The basal bodies spinning one of two ways causes two different types of movement. What are they?

Note that the cell is always alternating between these two tpes of movement

A

Run (directional) and tumble (non-directional)

104
Q

Is the cell usually going anywhere with run and tumble movement?

When is it moving in a specific direction?

A

No.

When it is repelled or attracted to something

105
Q

This describes how bacteria move, which is movement in response to the presence of chemicals that bind to chemoreceptors in the plasma membrane.

Movement happens when a _____ of the chemical is reached, and it runs longer and tumbles shorter

A

Chemotaxis

Threshold

106
Q

When there is a really high concentration of attractant, or peak, what happens to the bacteria?

A

It goes back to run and tumbling normally

Opposite for repellants

107
Q

Do all cells have external flagella?

A

NOPE!

108
Q

This type of bacteria has flagella in the cytoplasm (internal) which causes the whole organism to rotate allowing it to bury into tissues

A

Spirochetes

109
Q

For this type of cellular movement, it is commonly seen in long shaped bacteria. The bacteria squirts out a carbohydrate (polysaccharide) with enough force to cause it to glide over a smooth surface

A

Gliding Motility

110
Q

For this type of cellular motility, short, hairlike projects called fimbrae (pili) made of protein attach to a surface and ca get long or shorter to move, or twitch, along that surface.

A

Twitching Motility

111
Q

This is a non-flagella based motility where bacteria that are intracellular colonizers are ingested by a body cell. The cell can survive being ingested and grows and produces within the cell. It pushes from the plasma membrane of its host cell to another adjacent cell using actin made of protein from the host cell for movement

A

Actin Tail Propulsion

112
Q

This type of bacteria using actin tail propulsion and is a foodborne illness that can even lead to meningitis

A

Listeria monocytogenes

113
Q

These are important because disease it not possible without attachment to the surface to be infected

A

Adherence Structures

114
Q

This is a protein based adherence structure formed by the pilin protein, and the tip can have other proteins that make attachment more specific

A

Fimbrae (pili)

115
Q

This is a protein based adherence structure that comprises one structure that is used for conjugation by pulling the cell close

A

Sex Pilus

116
Q

When a sex pilus occurs, the structure pulls the other cell close and forms what?

What is conjugation?

Does the plasmid go through the sex pilus?

A

Protein Bridge

Sharing of plasmids

No it goes through the protein bridge

117
Q

This type of adherence structure is an extension of the cell envelope, aka the cell itself, and has carbohydrates on it that allow it to stick to a surface

A

Stalks, holdfast

118
Q

What do stalks, or holdfasts, do for the cell?

A

They provide extra surface area for nutrient absorption as well as adherence capability

Microbiology 350 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions