Chapter 2: Back

Question 1

Functions

Answer 1

support weight
transmit forces through pelvis to lower limb
carry/position head
maneuver upper limbs
secondary curvature balances weight on vertebral column to minimize muscle energy used for upright, bipedalism

Question 2

Extrinsic Muscles

Answer 2

upper limb and rib movement

Question 3

Intrinsic Muscles

Answer 3

posture mantainance, vetebral column movement
Flexion (anterior bending)
Extension
Lateral Flexion
Rotation

Question 4

Vetebra Structure

Answer 4

vetebral body + vetebral arch

• Arch is anchored, allows canal for spinal cord passage
• Arch has projections for muscle, ligament attachment; leverage for muscle action; articulation with adjacent vertebrae and ribs

Question 5

Extrinsic Muscle

Answer 5

move upper limbs (superficial), thoracic wall (intermediate), innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 6

Intrinsic Muscle

Answer 6

support/move vertebral column, move head, innervated by posterior rami

Question 7

Vetebral Canal

Answer 7

houses spinal cord

Question 8

Spinal Cord

Answer 8

surrounded by meninges

• Pia mater (innermost)
• Subarachnoid space (CSF-filled)
• Arachnoid mater (middle)
• Dura mater (outermost)
• Epidural space separates dura from bone

Question 9

Atlas

Answer 9

lacks vetebral body
ring-shaped
articulates with occipital condyle of skull

Question 10

Axis

Answer 10

large tooth like dens, articulates with atlas

facet for ligament attachment to occipital condyle

Question 11

Thoracic

Answer 11

12 vertebrae
demi facets for articulation with heads of its rib and the one elbow
transverse processes have facet for articulation with tubercle of its own rib

Question 12

Lumbar

Answer 12

5 lumbar vertebrae
no facets for rib articulation
thin, long transverse processes

Question 13

Sacrum

Answer 13

single bone consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
triangular, apex points inferiorly
articulates with LV above and coccyx below

Question 14

Coccyx

Answer 14

3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae; no arches, no canal

Question 15

Spina Bifida

Answer 15

2 sides of vertebral arches in lower vertebrae fail to fuse during development, results in open canal

Question 16

Scoliosis

Answer 16

abnormal lateral curvature of column; vertebrae structure can be normal but rotation upon another is abnormal

Question 17

Kyphosis

Answer 17

hunchback deformity

Question 18

Lordosis

Answer 18

swayback deformity

Question 19

Herniation

Answer 19

tear in anulus fibrosus causes nucleus pulposus material protrude in vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen, placing pressure on spinal nerves

Question 20

Gray Matter

Answer 20

nerve cell bodies, H-shaped central region of cord

Question 21

White Matter

Answer 21

nerve cell processes, large bundles of tracts that ascend/descend to other cord levels and/or brain, surround gray matter

Question 22

Dura Mater

Answer 22

outermost meningeal membrane
separated from bone by extradural space
extensions form epineurium (outer covering of nerves)

Question 23

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 23

thin delicate membrane next to deep surface of dura mater

separated from pia mater by subarachnoid space

Question 24

Subarachnoid Space

Answer 24

contains CSF
blood vessels suspends by strands of tissue
extends inferiorly beyond the spinal cord

Question 25

Pia Mater

Answer 25

firmly adhehres to spinal cord

denticulate ligament laterally attached cord to arachnoid and dura mater

Question 26

Posterior Root

Answer 26

processes of sensory neurons carrying info to CNS contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 27

Anterior Root

Answer 27

motor nerve fiber carrying info from the CNS motor neurons are in anterior spinal cord

Question 28

Herpes Zoster

Answer 28

virus that produces chicken pox in children
can remain dormant in spinal ganglia cells
can results in shingles (painful rash)