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Anatomy > Chapter 1: Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Body Flashcards

1
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

no magnification
Visualization and Observation
Regional vs. Systemic Approach

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2
Q

Anatomical Position

A

standard reference position used to describe structures: upright, feet together, hands by side, palms and face forward

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3
Q

Coronal Plane

A

divides body into anterior and posterior

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4
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

divides body into left and right

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5
Q

Transverse Plane

A

(or horizontal or axial)

divides body into superior and inferior

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6
Q

Anterior (or Ventral)

A

position of structure relative to front

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7
Q

Posterior (or Dorsal)

A

positions of structures relative to back

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8
Q

Medial

A

position relative to the median sagittal plane

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9
Q

Lateral

A

position relative to the median and body sides

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10
Q

Superior

A

position relative to body vertical axis (above)

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11
Q

Inferior

A

position relative to body vertical axis (below)

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12
Q

Proximal

A

closer from origin of structure

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13
Q

Distal

A

farther from origin of structure

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14
Q

Cranial

A

toward the head

may be used instead of superior and inferior

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15
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail

may be used instead of superior and inferior

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16
Q

Rostral

A

position relative to nose

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17
Q

Superficial

A

position relative to body surface

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18
Q

Deep

A

Position relative to body surface

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19
Q

X-rays

A

electromagnetic radiation that attenuates as it passes through body tissue before interacting with photographic film

  • High attenuation -> film is exposed to few x-rays -> white
  • Little attenuation on air
  • More attenuation on fat (but less in water)
  • Most attenuation on bone
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20
Q

Contrast Agents

A

increase attenuation for better visualization

ex. Barium sulfate for GI images

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21
Q

Subtraction Angiography

A

uses an inverted pre-contrast image compared to a post-contrast image to “subtract” structures for imaging arteries/veins only

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22
Q

Ultrasound

A

uses high frequency sound waves that bounce off of structures and are processed to images

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23
Q

Doppler Ultrasound

A

is used to determine flow, direction, and velocity

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24
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

used to create a series of images generated by passing body through x-ray tube

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25
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

depends on water in body tissues, specifically hydrogen’s protons that act like magnets in a magnetic field and deflect in response to radio waves; the strength and frequency of signals emitted as they return to the original state is converted to images

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26
Q

Axial

A

cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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27
Q

Appendicular

A

upper and lower limbs

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28
Q

Cartilage

A

avascular connective tissue, that supports soft tissue, provides gliding surface for bones, support bone growth/development

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29
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

most common, articular surfaces of bone

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30
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

elastic fiber (external ear)

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31
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

mostly collagen (intervertevral discs)

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32
Q

Bones

A

calcified, living, connective tissue
Functions include:
-Supportive structure for body
-Protects vital organs
-Reservoir for calcium, phosphorus
-Lever s for muscle action to produce movement
-Location of blood-producing cells
-Vascular, innervated
-Nutrient artery
-Periosteum covers external surface (fibrous membrane that forms new bone)
-Nerves supply bone and periosteum
–Internal cavity nerves regulate blood flow
–Periosteum nerves are sensory (for injury detection)

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33
Q

Compact Bone

A

dense, forms outer shell of all bones, surrounds spongy bone

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34
Q

Spongy Bone

A

cavities containing blood-forming cells

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35
Q

Long Bones

A

tubular (ex. humerous in upper limb, femur in lower limb)

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36
Q

Short Bones

A

cubodial (ex. wrist and ankle bones)

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37
Q

Flat Bones

A

2 compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (ex. skull)

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38
Q

Irregular Bones

A

various shape (ex. facial bones)

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39
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

round or oval, develop in tendons

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40
Q

Synovial Joints

A

separate skeletal components with a cavity

  • Cartilage covers articulating skeletal surfaces
  • Joint capsule with inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane
  • Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid, which lubricates articulating surfaces
  • Fibrous membrane stabilizes joint, can thicken to form ligaments
  • Possible accessory structures
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41
Q

Solid Joints

A

held together by connective tissue, no cavity

-Adjacent surface linked by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage

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42
Q

Articular Discs

A

absorb compression force, adjust to contour changes during movement, increase range of movement

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43
Q

Fat Pads

A

provide cushion during contour changes

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44
Q

Plane (flat)

A

sliding of one bone moves across surface of another

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45
Q

Hinge

A

movement about one axis passing transversely (elbow)

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46
Q

Pivot

A

movement about one axis passing longitudinally (atlas-axis)

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47
Q

Bicondylar

A

about most one axis, limited about second (knee)

48
Q

Condylar (ellipsoid)

A

about two axes at right angles (wrist)

49
Q

Saddle

A

about two axes at right angles, saddle shaped (thumb)

50
Q

Ball & Socket

A

about multiple axes (hip)

51
Q

Uniaxial Movement

A

one plane

52
Q

Biaxial Movement

A

two planes

53
Q

Multiaxial Movement

A

three planes

54
Q

Sutures (Fibrous Joints)

A

skull only, adjacent bones linked by thin connective tissue (sutural ligament)

55
Q

Gomphoses (Fibrous Joints)

A

teeth and bone only

56
Q

Syndesmoses (Fibrous Joints)

A

two adjacent bones linked by ligament

57
Q

Synchondroses (Cartilaginous Joints)

A

developing bones separated by cartilage

58
Q

Symphyses (Cartilaginous Joints)

A

separate bones interconnected by cartilage

59
Q

Skin

A

largest organ of body
-Functions as mechanical and permeability barrier, sensory and thermoregulatory organ, initiator of primary immune response

60
Q

Epidermis

A

outer avascular cell layer

61
Q

Dermis

A

vascular connective tissue

62
Q

Superficial (subcutaneous) Fascia

A

attached to dermis, allows skin movement, passage for vessels and nerves, energy (fat reservoir)

63
Q

Deep Fascia

A

attached to superficial fascia, compartmentalizes muscles with similar functions, holds tendons in place, separates cavity linings from muscle coverings

64
Q

Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary)

A

long, parallel, multi-nucleated fibers w/ transverse stripes

  • Powerful contractions
  • Innervated by somatic (body wall) and brachial motor nerves
  • Moves bones, other structures, provides support
  • Muscles named based on shape, attachment, function, position, and/or fiber orientation
65
Q

Cardiac Muscle (Involuntary)

A

striated, in heart walls only

  • Cells linked electrically and mechanically to function as unit
  • Fatigue resistant
  • Innervated by visceral (organ/vessel) motor nerves
66
Q

Smooth Muscle (Involuntary)

A

spindle shaped fibers for slow, sustained contraction

-Innervated by visceral motor nerves

67
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

includes heart (pump) and vessels (tubes) to transport blood throughout body

68
Q

Arteries

A

transport blood away from heart

69
Q

Veins

A

transport blood toward heart

  • Vein walls are thin
  • Lumen of veins are large in diameter
  • Often multiple veins closely associated with arteries in the peripheral areas
  • Veins often have valves (especially inferior to heart) to facilitate blood flow toward heart
70
Q

Capillaries

A

connect arteries and veins, site of oxygen, nutrient, and waster exchange

71
Q

Tunics

A

vessel walls

72
Q

Tunica Externa (adventitia)

A

outer connective tissue

73
Q

Tunica Media

A

middle smooth muscle layer

74
Q

Tunica Intima

A

inner endothelial layer

75
Q

Arteries & Veins

A

classified by amoint of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, vessel size, function

76
Q

Large Elastic Arteries

A

much elastic fibers for expansion and recoil during cardiac cycle (aorta, pulmonary truck

77
Q

Medium Muscular Arteries

A

mostly smooth muscle for regulating diameter and blood flow (femoral)

78
Q

Small Arteries, Arterioles

A

control capillary filling and arterial pressure

79
Q

Large Veins

A

thick tunica externa, some smooth muscle (superior vena cava)

80
Q

Small, Medium Veins

A

thick tunica externa, little smooth muscle

81
Q

Venules

A

smallest veins, drain capillaries

82
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

collect fluid lost from capillary beds, interstitial fluids (pathogens, cell products, hormones, debris, fat absorbed by gut)

  • Lymphatic vessels absent from brain, bone marrow, avascular tissues
  • Lymph movement generated by muscle contraction and/or valves
83
Q

Lymph

A

clear, colorless fluid (chyle from small intestine contains chylomicrons)

84
Q

Chylomicrons

A

protein coated lipid droplets

85
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

capsules contain lymphocytes, macrophages, filters; abundant at high risk sites for pathogen entry

86
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain, spinal cord; develops from neural tube

87
Q

Somatic CNS

A

sensory nerves from periphery and motor nerves innervating voluntary muscles

  • Innervates skin and skeletal muscle
  • Develops in association with somites in embryo (somites give rise to skeletal muscle, skin dermis)
  • Receives and responds to info from external environment
88
Q

Visceral CNS

A

sensory nerves monitoring viscera and motor nerves innervating smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

  • Innervated viscera, smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
  • Segmentally arranged, develops in parallel
  • Receives and responds to info from internal environment
89
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

everything outside of CNS (spinal, cranial, visceral nerves and plexuses); develops from nerual crest cells

90
Q

Brain (CNS)

A

cerebral hemispheres

91
Q

Gray Matter

A

outer portion that contains cell bodies

92
Q

White Matter

A

inner portion that contains axon tracts/paths

93
Q

Ventricles

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled spaces

94
Q

Cerebellum

A

two lateral lobes, diencaphalon

95
Q

Brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

96
Q

Meninges

A

connective tissue that surrounds, protects, suspends brain and spinal cord

97
Q

Dura Matter

A

thickest, most external

98
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

internal surface of dura

99
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

contains CSF

100
Q

Pia Mater

A

adheres to brain and spinal cord

101
Q

Somatic Sensory Afferent

A

neurons carry temperature, pain, touch, proprioception (position) info from the periphery to the CNS

102
Q

Somatic Motor Efferent

A

neurons carry info away from the CNS to skeletal muscles

103
Q

Dermatomes

A

area of skin supplied by a single spinal cord level or single spinal nerve

104
Q

Myotome

A

portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level or spinal nerve

105
Q

Visceral Sensory Afferent

A

neurons associated with chemoreception, mechanoreception, stretch reception

106
Q

Visceral Motor Efferent

A

neurons innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle glands

-Motor neurons synapse with other motor neurons outside CNS

107
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies

108
Q

Preganglionic

A

visceral motor neurons and their axons in the spinal cord

  • Visceral sensory fibers enters spinal as posterior roots of spinal nerves
  • Visceral motor neurons exit spinal cord as anterior roots of spinal nerves
109
Q

Postganglionic

A

visceral motor neurons and their axons outside the CNS

-Postganglionic fibers traveling to viscera are posterior and anterior rami (branches) of spinal nerves

110
Q

Sympathetic

A

motor neurons in level T1 to L2

  • Innervates structures in peripheral body and viscera
  • Can travel to periphery in the same spinal nerve in which they travel out of the spinal cord
  • Can travel to the periphery in different spinal nerves in which they travel out of the spinal cord
  • Preganglionic fibers can synapse with postganglionic motor neurons that travel to target thoracic or cervical viscera
111
Q

Parasympathetic

A

motor neurons in cranial and sacral levels

  • Innervate viscera only
  • Sacral preganglionic parasympathetic fibers form pelvic splanchnic nerves and pelvic/abdominal viscera
112
Q

Cardiac Nerves

A

may ascend, synapse with postganglionic fibers, then to combine to form visceral nerves

113
Q

Splanchnic Nerves

A

preganglionic fibers can travel without synapsing and together with fibers from other levels to form this

114
Q

Enteric System

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect myenteric and submucous plexuses in the walls of the GI tract
-Controls reflexes that regulate peristalsis, secretomotor activity, vascular tone

115
Q

Plexus

A

somatic and visceral fibers from different sources can combine to form new nerves with specific targets

116
Q

Referred Pain

A

sensory info coming to the spinal cord from one location is interpreted by the CNS as coming from another location innervated by the same spinal cord level
-Often referred from a region innervated by visceral part of nervous system to a region innervated by the somatic system (at the same level)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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