Chapter 2 B

Question 1

Explicit: Declarative Learning

Define the 4 types of processing
Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval

Answer 1

Encoding–Requires attention, depends on motivation, influenced by ablity to associate. (medications, brain injury impair this. )

Consolidation–Makes information stable for long-term memory storage.

Storage–Large capacity for long-term memory.

Retrieval–Recall from different sites (memory becomes distorted over time.)

Question 2

Kinesthetic or Environmental Inputs.

What are the 3 types of memory?
Describe how they work together…

Answer 2

Short-term Sensory Store–A lot of info bombards us all the time. Short-term sensory store, no memory encoding here. Relates what happened before with new information.

Short-term Memory–working memory. this memory sends info to long-term memory via rehearsal and retrieves from long-term movement information via retrieval process.

Long-term Memory

Question 3

Series of motor learning and recovery of function:

What are the 2 main theories?
What are 4 theories related to Stages of Learning Motor Skills?

Answer 3

Schmidt’s Schema Theory.
Ecological Theory.

Theories related to Stages of Learning Motor Skills.
Fitts & Posner three-stage model.
Systems 3-stage model.
Gentile's 2-stage model.
Stages of Motor program Formation.

Question 4

Describe Schmidt’s Schema theory

what kind of rules?
Why are the rules necessary?
How does the motor program become stronger?

Answer 4

Generalized motor program contains a set of rules for a specific class of movements.

With practice we develop a SET OF RULES (SCHEMA) to determine the parameters needed to produce different version of the action in the future (developing a new set of rules through variable practice.) (recognizing patterns that make dogs, dogs.)

Motor program becomes “stronger” with practice, especially VARIABLE PRACTICE.

Question 5

Schmidt’s Schema Theory
After the initial mvt, what 4 things are briefly stored in short-term memory?

This info is stored in short-term memory long enough to be abstracted into what 2 schemas?

Answer 5

1. Initial mvt conditions. (body position, weight of ball)
2. Parameters used in GMP.
3. Knowledge of results.
4. Sensory consequences. (how it felt, looked, sounded)
5. Recall schema to select a response (how much force do I need? Variable practice informs recall schema.)
6. Recognition schema to evaluate the response (what did I do? How did I do? compare to what was originally intended.)

Question 6

What is the clinical implication of Schmidt’s Schema Theory?

Answer 6

Practice needs to be varied to develop skill. (GMP) i.e. practice under different conditions.

(does not apply to freethrows and darts because they do not require variable practice because they are always under the same conditions.)

Question 7

Schmidt’s Schema Theory Limitations

3

Answer 7

Inconsistent results in research with adults–Possibly because transfer of learning from previous skills makes it difficult to find truly novel skills. (Foundation of mvt that may be wrong.)

Research w children shows variable practice is superior to constant practice usggesting that to develop the GMP we need to do variable practice.

Not clear how first mvts are made before schema is developed.

Question 8

Ecological Theory
This theory believes motor learning involves strengthening the link between what?
During practice we search for optimal strategies to achieve the goal (task). These strategies are used to do what 2 things?
Perception and action are mapped or integrated into what?

Answer 8

Perception and Action within the constraints of the task and environment.

Best motor response and choose most appropriate perceptual cues.

perception and action become part of the best solution to achieve the task.