Chapter 2 Flashcards
Motor learning and recovery of function involve the same processes.
Define recovery pf function
Recovery of function is reacquiring previously learned skills. Relearned skill may not be the same as the original.
Definition motor learning
A set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action. (can’t always make a basket in basketball, but we have the ability to do it.)
Performance versus learning
Performance tests measure what?
What does learning mean? How is performance different?
What does learning required to strengthen the motor patterns?
Defined the term transfer of learning.
- Capability to perform not the performance itself.
- in learning, The change in performance capability is relatively permanent whereas performance varies.
- Requires practice or experience
- Gains in performance must be seen under different conditions (have to be able to free-throw by yourself in the gym and in the game)
Older concepts of Motor learning
What they emphasize?
What was the actual outcome?
What does this mean?
older concepts emphasize change in performance during the practice.
When tested later, we may or may not have learned.
If it cannot be done a few days later, it has not been learned
Current measurement
Defined the following…\
Acquisition
Retention
Transfer
Acquisition–initial practice
Retention–ability to do activity following delay (short-term or long-term… The longer the interval, the more indicative of long-term learning)
Transfer–perform under different circumstances
What are the two criteria for learning?
Why is improvement of performance during practice not the good criteria for learning?
Retention capability to perform
Transfer or generalizability
Some variables that enhanse practice are detrimental to learning (some things in practice to make a patient look really good, they are a detriment to learning)
Transfer of learning
Why can the person who has learned to play tennis and played badminton even though they have never Learned the game before?
The gain or loss of the person proficiency on one task as a result of previous experience… Near transfer
Transfer of learning
Generalization definition
Near transfer definition
Far transfer definition
Generalization–the transfer of learning that occurs from practice to target context
Near transfer–the type of learning that transfers from one task to another under very similar tasks or situations. (learning to move from wheelchair to Mats. Then wheelchair to bed.)
Far transfer–occurs from one task to another under very different tasks or settings. (typical of children with learning basic skills. Jumping and throwing balls. These tasks transferred to other sports activities)
Declarative memory–definition
Non-declarative memory–definition
Declarative memory a.k.a. explicit memory involves association of information related to people or things, places, and meaning of these bits of information.
(cognitive information provided in different ways, asking questions and answering questions… stating how a person walks)
Much of motor learning is non-declarative (implicit)
(trial and error… learn to walk by standing and falling.)
Non-declarative memory can be divided into 3 subcategories? What techniques drive the learning?
Non-associative learning: habituation and sensitization.
Associative learning: classical and operant conditioning.
Procedural (skills and habits)
Explicit memory can be divided into what 3 subcategories?
Fact
Events.
Non associative Learning–
Define Habituation
Define Sensitization
What area of the CNS is involved?
A decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a nonpainful stimulus. (desensitization)
Increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimulus.
Reflex pathways
(painful stimulus increases arousal. Then non-painful stimulus is more painful, because person is hyper-aware)
Associative learning–
Define Classical Conditioning
Define Operant Conditioning
What areas of the CNS are associated ?
Leaning to pair two stimuli–one weak and one strong–similar to sensitization; timing is important. (train dog to do something with a treat. Treat wanes over time. Dog just then does behavior.)
Trial-and-error learning (rat pulls a random lever out of several and gets a reward everytime he hits the lever. Over time the reward is diminished. If used as a method to help shape behavior in children with autism.
Emotional–amygdala
Skeletal musculature–cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, premotor cortex.
What areas of the CNS are associated with Associative Learning ?
Emotional responses
Skeletal musculature
Amygdala– adapting to emotional responses
Cerebellum and deep cerebellar nuclei–movement conditioning.
Lateral dorsal premotor area–association of sensory event with a specific mvt.
Implicit: Procedural Learning (done a lot in PT)
tasks are automatically performed like a what?
How are the tasks performed?
This is a complex form of what type of learning?
Includes what 2 types of cognitive skills? Especially those involving what?
The mastery of this skill only occurs when?
Develops best with what ?(a continuation of prior question)
- like a Habit
- Tasks performed automatically without conscious attention or thought.
- Nondeclarative learning.
- Motor and nondeclarative cognitive skills…involving sequences.
- Only when a mvt is practiced.
- Best w Varied practice
(Repetition over many trials. person may not recognize verbalization of what they are doing. Verbalization can be a hinderance. Some pts have a deficit in procedural learning.)–(Playing a passage of Chopin)
