Chapter 2: Auditing and Attestation - Understanding the Entity and its Environment (Including Internal Control) Flashcards
the methods or procedures implemented by an entity to help ensure the validity and accuracy of its financial statements
Accounting Controls
an attempt to quantify the effects of future events that cannot be known with certainty, based on assumptions and projections
Accounting Estimate
the specific accounting principles, and the methods of applying those principles, that have been judged by management to be the most appropriate under the circumstances to present fairly the financial position and results of operations and statement of cash flows, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that, accordingly, have been adopted by the reporting entity for preparing financial statements
Accounting Policies
The information system relevant to financial reporting objectives, which includes the accounting system, consists of the procedures and records designed and established to:
initiate, authorize, record, process, and report entity transactions (as well as events and conditions) and maintain accountability for the related assets, liabilities, and equity;
resolve incorrect processing of transactions…;
process and account for system overrides or bypasses to controls;
transfer information from transaction processing systems to the general ledger;
capture information relevant to financial reporting for events and conditions other than transactions, such as the depreciation and amortization of assets and changes in the recoverability of accounts receivables; and
ensure information required to be disclosed by the applicable financial reporting framework is accumulated, recorded, processed, summarized, and appropriately reported in the financial statements.
Accounting System
a set of prescribed guidelines for recording and reporting the economic effects (substance) of financial events and transactions
Accounting Principle
obligations to suppliers of merchandise or of services purchased on open account, with payment usually due in 30 to 60 days
Accounts Payable
ratios that measure the efficiency with which the firm uses its resources
Activity Ratio
the principal laws and regulations used by management and those charged with governance in the preparation of the financial statements of an entity
Applicable Financial Reporting Framework (AFRF)
a set of audit procedures that examine the relationships between financial and nonfinancial data
Analytical Procedures
the transactions and data relating to each computer-based application system and are, therefore, specific to each such application
Application Controls
the measure of the quality of audit evidence, that is, its relevance and its reliability in providing support for the conclusions on which the auditor’s opinion is based
Appropriate
a transaction with an independent third party who does not have the ability to exert significant influence over the other party
Arm’s-Length Transaction
declarations or a set of declarations about whether subject matter is based on or conforms to selected criteria (AT 101.08)
Assertions
It is the practitioner’s satisfaction about the reliability of an assertion being made by one party for use by other parties
Assurance
an engagement that requires independence as defined in the AICPA Professional Standards (ET 0.400.04)
Attest Engagement
a body formed by a company’s board of directors to oversee audit operations and circumstances
Audit Committee
Another name for the goal of the audit procedures used to obtain evidence about the dollar amounts and disclosures presented in the financial statements
Audit Objective
a series of specific and specialized steps or actions auditors take to meet audit objectives
Audit Procedure
the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated.
Audit Risk
the application of an audit procedure to fewer than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions for the purpose of evaluating some characteristic of the balance or class
Audit Sampling
provides auditors with the ability to quickly extract data from computer files
Audit Software
the path left by a transaction when it is processed
Audit Trail
an individual who performs auditing procedures to determine the validity and fair presentation of financial information or to provide assurance to management on the effectiveness of the organization’s governance, risk management, and/or control processes
Auditor
designed to ensure that all transactions have management approval before they are executed and recorded
Authorization
the governing body of a corporation, elected by and accountable to the shareholders in a business
Board of Directors
a plan of action expressed in dollars
Budget
a specific type of input control, consisting of a single digit at the end of an identification code that is computed from the other digits in a field
Check Digit
designed to ensure that all transactions are recorded in the correct account, charged or credited to the correct customer (or vendor), applied to the correct product line, or classified as an intercompany sale (i.e., a review of a fixed asset listing to confirm that no maintenance and repair expenditures have been capitalized)
Classification
an agreement to act together, especially for fraudulent or deceitful purposes. It may be open and explicit (overt collusion) or secret and implicit (tacit collusion)
Collusion
represents the attainment and maintenance of a level of understanding and knowledge that enables a member to render services with facility and acumen
Competence
means including in reported information everything material that is necessary for the fair representation of the underlying events and conditions
Complete
a management assertion that all transactions and events that should be presented in the financial statements are included
Completeness Assertion
direct communication with external independent parties to prove that balances (e.g., cash balances, accounts receivable, accounts payable, notes payable) are correct
Confirmation
The process of obtaining and evaluating a direct communication from a third party in response to a request for information about a particular item affecting financial statement assertions is the confirmation process
Confirmation Process
the policies and procedures that help ensure that management directives are carried out
Control Activities
sets the tone of an organization, influencing the control consciousness of its people
Control Environment
he risk that a material misstatement that could occur in an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance, or disclosure will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis by the entity’s internal control
Control Risk
a joint initiative of the five private-sector organizations listed below and is dedicated to providing thought leadership through the development of frameworks and guidance on enterprise risk management, internal control, and fraud deterrence
COSO
a document issued by the seller of goods or services to the buyer, reducing the amount that the buyer owes to the seller under the terms of an earlier invoice
Credit Memorandum
may be direct, as in the case of handling cash or maintaining an inventory storeroom, or indirect, as in the case of receiving customer checks in the mail or writing checks on the organization’s bank account
Custody of Assets
the last day of the accounting period (i.e., the last day of each month or December 31, the last day of the fiscal year)
Cutoff Date
characters processed in computer systems and stored in computer files.
Data
a way for a buyer to inform the seller that it wants a refund or discount on its purchase
Debit Memorandum
the process of systematic, rational allocation of the cost of operational assets to the accounting periods benefited
Depreciation
the risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a misstatement that exists and that could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements
Detection Risk
designed to catch an error and provide the feedback necessary so corrective action may be taken
Detective Control
a negative response to a confirmation request, such as when a customer disagrees with the account balance as shown on the confirmation request
Deviation
reported in the financial statements or the notes to the financial statements
Disclosure
n computing, the instructions for operators, descriptions of procedures, and other descriptive material about a program or a system
In systems analysis, the preparation and production of documents for system analysis, programming, and system operation.
In auditing, the use of documentary evidence to support or substantiate a claim or opinion.
Documentation
the exchange of documents in standardized electronic form between different entities in an automated manner directly from a computer application in one entity to an application in another.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
the degree to which objectives are achieved; producing the desired effect or result
Effectiveness
the relationship of inputs to outputs
Efficiency
essentially “checkless” system of transferring funds by debiting or crediting accounts electronically.
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)
an additional paragraph(s) added to the standard auditor’s report to fulfill the need to add explanatory language to the report
Emphasis-of-Matter (Other-Matter) Paragraph
a letter written by the CPA to the client that represents the contractual understanding between the CPA and the client of the work to be performed, signed by both the CPA and the client.
Engagement Letter
any person or group of people that owns economic resources, incurs economic obligations, and enters into economic transactions
Entity
a special accounting treatment for investments in equity securities used only when the investor:
can exert significant influence or control over the investee (usually with majority—greater than 50%—ownership) and
does not consolidate the financial statements of the subsidiary.
Equity Method
an unintentional misstatement or omission of amounts or disclosures in financial statements
Error
basically mistakes, usually due to carelessness or negligence (but not gross negligence)
intentional misappropriations of assets or distortions of accounting data
Errors and Fraud
he requirement of the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a reasonable basis for an opinion on financial statements.
Evidence