Chapter 2 Assessment Flashcards
What is syncope
Syncope is a brief loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood to the brain
(Fainting)
Intermittent claudication
Cramping limb pain that’s brought on by exercised and relieved by one or two minutes of rest, most commonly occurs in the legs, pain may be acute or chronic, when pain is acute and not relieved by rest it may signal acute arterial occlusion
Where do you find the apical impulse
You should find the apical pulse in the fifth intercostal space, medial to the left mid clavicular line.
Because it corresponds to the apex of the heart the what helps indicate how well the left ventricle is working
Apical pulse
How do you remember the order in which you should perform assessment of the cardiovascular system
I’ll properly perform assessment
Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
Which areas should you auscultate the heart
Aortic, Pulmonic, erbs point, tricuspid, mitral
When is the diaphragm of the stethoscope used, when is the bell of the stethoscope used
Bell is used for low pitch sounds, diaphragm is used to hear high-pitched sounds
What are normal heart sounds and what are adventitious sounds
S1 and s2 are normal
S3 and s4 plus murmurs are adventitious sounds
Where is S2 best heard
Aortic area at the base of the heart specifically at the end of ventricular systole
Describe lub and dub
Lub is when the tricuspid and mitral valve shut (first heart sound, S1)
Dub is when the pulmonary and aortic valve shut (second heart sound, S2)
Describe S1 and S2
S1 is considered lub, it is where the tricuspid and mitral valve shut close.
S2 is dub, and is where the pulmonic and aortic valve shut
Where is S1 best heard
At the Apex of the heart
S3 is a classic sign of
Heart failure
S3 is commonly heard in what and what
Commonly heard in children and in patients with high cardiac output
S3 is also called what
Ventricular Gallop
Where is S. three best heard
At the apex of the heart
Which sound is the S3 often compared to
The Y in Kentucky
S3 is what kind of pitch and occurs when the
Yesthree is low pitched and occurs when the Ventricles fill rapidly
S4 is also called
Atrial gallop
When does S four commonly occur
Occurs just before S one after atrial contraction
What does the S4 sound indicate
Indicates increased resistance to ventricular filling
VS for sound indicates increased resistance to ventricular filling. It results from
Vibrations caused by forceful atrial ejection of blood into ventricles that don’t move or expand as much as they should
What is a murmur
Turbulent blood flow caused by a structural defect in the heart
Which side should the patient lean on to hear their heart sounds better
Left side
Assess the upper abdomen for abnormal pulsations, which could indicate the presence of an
Abdominal aortic aneurism
Symptoms of arterial insufficiency
Hair loss, pale shiny skin, redness, ulcers, thick rigid nails
Chronic venous insufficiency symptoms
Pitting Adema, brown pigment, ulcer around ankle, foot may be cyanotic
Describe crescendo, decrescendo, crescendo decrescendo
Crescendo describes a murmur that increases in intensity; a decrescendo murmur decreases in intensity; the crescendo decrescendo Is a progressive increase in intensity and is followed by progressive decrease in intensity
Aortic stenosis
Condition in which the aortic valve has calcified and restricts bloodflow, causes a mid systolic, low pitched, harsh murmur that radiates from the valve to the carotid artery
Pulmonic stenosis
A condition in which the Paul Monic valve has calcified and interferes with the flow of blood out of the right ventricle. The murmur is medium pitched systolic and harsh and shifts from crescendo to decrescendo and back. The murmur is caused by turbulent blood flow across the stiffened narrowed valve
Pulses are graded on the following scale
4+ is bounding 3+ is increased 2+ is normal 1+ is weak 0 is absent
