Chapter 1 Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Cardiovascular system or circulatory system consists of
Heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics
What do the lymphatics do?
Removes metabolic waste products
Where does the right side of the heart pumps blood to?
To the lungs
Where does the left side of the heart pumps the blood to?
To the rest of the body
Is the heart base at the upper right or upper left
Upper right
Is the heart Apex pointed towards the lower left or the lower right?
Lower left
The ___ is also called the point of maximal impulse where the heart sound can be heard the loudest
Apex
What is the sac called that envelops the heart
Pericardium
What are the hearts three layers?
Endocardium, myocardium, and the epicardium
Describe the hearts three layers
The endocardium is the inner layer, the myocardium is middle layer, and the epicardium is the outer layer
How many chambers does the heart have and what are their names
Four chambers; two atria (right side and a left side) and two ventricles (right side and left side)
How many valves does the heart have and what are their names?
Tricuspid valve, pulmonary semi lunar valve, mitral valve, and aortic semi lunar valve
What does the pericardium consist of?
It consists of the fibrous pericardium in the serous pericardium
Describe the fibrous and serous pericardium
Fibrous fits freely: fibrous pericardium composed of tough white fibrous tissue fits loosely around the heart protecting it
Serous is smooth: The serous pericardium the thin smooth the inner portion has two layers
A) The parietal layer lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
B) The visceral layer adheres to the surface of the heart
Between the fibrous and serous pericardium is the pericardial
Space
What does the pericardial space contain and what is its purpose
Pericardial fluid, which lubricates the surfaces of the space and allows the heart to move easily during contraction
Where does the right atrium receives blood from
Superior and inferior vena cava
Where does the left atrium receives its blood from
The two pulmonary veins
Where does the right ventricle pumps blood to
Lungs
Where does the left ventricle pumps blood to
Rest of the body
When does the heart go lub
When the atrioventricular valves (or tricuspid / mitral valves) close
When does the heart to go dub
When the semi lunar valve‘s close (aka aortic and pulmonic valves)
What is the term regurgitation
Regurgitation means backward flow
The valves open and close in response to ___ caused by ____ and ___
Pressure changes
Ventricular contraction
Blood ejection
The conduction system contains pacemaker cells which have three unique characteristics
Automaticity : The ability to generate an electrical impulse automatically
Conductivity : The ability to pass the impulse to the next cell
Contractility : The ability to shorten the fibres in the heart when receiving the impulse
How many beats per minute does the Sino atrial node beat at
60-100
Does the SA node generate an impulse for the atrium or the ventricles
Atria
The cardiac cycle lasts from when to when
The cardiac cycle lasts from the start of one heartbeat all the way to the start of the next heartbeat
Describe the pathway of an electrical impulse
From SA node to AV node to bundle of his to purkinje fibres
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle
Systole and diastole
What is systole
When the ventricles contract, ventricular pressure increases
What is diastole
When the ventricles are empty and relaxed, ventricular pressure falls
Describe cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume
Cardiac output is the amount of blood that the heart pumps in one minute
Rate is the heart rate for example 60 bpm
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat
Stroke volume depends on three major factors. What are they? And describe them
Preload, contractility, and afterload
Preload: stretching of muscle fibres in the ventricles, the stretching results from blood volume in the ventricles at and diastole. The more the heart muscle stretch during diastole, the more forcefully they contract during systole
Contractility: ability of the myocardium to contract normally. Contractility is influenced by preload. The greater the stretch the more forceful the contraction
Afterload: refers to the pressure that the ventricular muscles must generate to overcome the higher pressure in the aorta to get the blood out of the heart.
What are the five types of blood vessels
Arteries, arterials, capillaries, venules, veins
What has thick muscular walls to accommodate the flow of blood at high speeds and pressures
Arteries
What has thinner walls and constrict or dilate to control blood flow to the Capillery’s
Arterioles
What has Walls composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells
Capillaries
What gather blood from the capillaries, their walls are thinner than those of arterioles
What have thinner walls than arteries but I have larger diameter’s because of the low blood pressure venous return to the heart
What happens to the blood that travels to the lungs
Picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
The left common carotid artery supplies blood to the?
Brain
The left subclavian artery supplies what part of the body and the right subclavian artery supplies what part of the body?
Both of these also supply the?
Left arm, right arm
Chest wall
At the ends of the arterials and the beginnings of the capillaries strong white control blood flow into the tissues?
Sphincters. These factors dilate to permit more flow when needed close to shine blood to other areas will constrict to increase blood pressure.
The heart relies on the white and their branches for its supply of oxygenated blood
Coronary arteries
The pressure of the ventricular muscle must generate to overcome the higher pressure in the aorta refers to
Afterload
The vessels that carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and left atrium are the
Pulmonary veins. Oxygenated blood returns by way of annuals and veins to the pulmonary veins, which carry it back to the hearts left atrium
