Chapter 2 and 3

Question 1

Sumerians

Answer 1

They were the people of southern Mesopotamia who thrived around 4100-1750 BCE. Involved in extensive irrigation farming and trade with many little city-states. First to create a written language (cuneiform), design an irrigation system using gravity, use plows and bronze tools/weapons, and develop short and long distance trade.

Question 2

Sargon the Great

Answer 2

He overthrew the current king, Lugalzaggisi to rise to the thrown. Similar backstory to Moses. ATP city-states were united and some of lands far to Mediterranean. An accomplished military leader and had the first standing army. Lead the Akkadian Empire.

Question 3

Cuneiform (Behistun Rock)

Answer 3

It was the first ever written language created by the Sumerians around 3500 BCE. wedged shapes into a clay tablet. In order to keep records of government and trade.
Ex: Astronomical and Astrological records, calendars, ritual matters, and writing pieces

Question 4

Babylon

Answer 4

It was the capital of Southern Mesopotamia. It held the most important ziggurat, Tower of Babel.

Question 5

Hammurabi (and code)

Answer 5

His father was king and abdicates, so Hammurabi comes to power. Main focus was justice, code of laws “state power”, which were recorded on stone tablets. Led the Babylonian Empire. Punishment depended on class, if you were lower class then higher punishment but if same class then “eye for eye”. Brought more equality

Question 6

Evolution of Warefare

Answer 6

First Mesopotamians (close range battle)
beginning of modern warefare. organized phaleunx groups (block). used helmets, bows, spears, shields. they were constant and better trained

Hittite Era
used chariots = faster and useful, as it was a standing place for archers and horse pulled.
standing army with iron tools/weapons
ranks/organized army

Assyrians
very organized army and biggest army (100ks)
3 branches were infantry, cavalry, heavy infantry
had engineers build bridges and gates
battering rams
also created siege, creating brutal warefare.

Question 7

Decline of Mesopotamia

Question 8

Pharaoh

Answer 8

They were not exactly leaders but the human form of God. They were at the highest class and were most respected by people. They were to maintain ma’at or balance and harmony.

Question 9

Sensurut III

Answer 9

He was the ideal warrior-king who maintained ma’at. Had great military skill, decisive actions, and efficient administration. He defeated the Nubians many times and respected him as a god. Increased trade relationships with Palestine and Syria