Chapter 1 and Summer Reading Quiz

Question 1

Gilgamesh

Answer 1

Gilgamesh was the king of Uruk. He was adventurous and brave, traveling alongside Enkidu. He slayed Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven with Enkidu. Gilgamesh would try to find eternal life while grieving over the death of his close friend Enkidu. Whether he is a universal hero or not, is very controversial through his many different actions.

Question 2

Ishtar

Answer 2

Ishtar was the Babylonian goddess of love and war. She was the patron deity of of the city of Uruk. She wishes to be Gilgamesh’s lover, but Gilgamesh rejects her due to her bad treatment of her previous lovers. She would send the Bull of Heaven down on Gilgamesh and all of Uruk.

Question 3

Enkidu

Answer 3

Enkidu would travel on many feats alongside Gilgamesh. He wasn’t much of a sidekick but a brother and helper. He was originally created by the gods to defeat the prideful Gilgamesh, but they ended up becoming very close friends.

Question 4

Hero

Answer 4

A hero is a person who is admired or idolized for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities.

Question 5

Humbaba

Answer 5

Humbaba was a giant who was created by the gods to guard the Cedar Forest. Enkidu and Gilgamesh are able to slay Humbaba and chop the giants head off.

Question 6

Utnapishtim

Answer 6

Utnapishtim was a king who had been rewarded immortality. Gilgamesh envies this life and decides to set out to find Utnapishtim who is located at the end of the world. Utnapishtim survived the great Flood by building a huge boat and putting every living creature in order to preserve life. He was later deified by the gods.

Question 7

Natural Selection

Answer 7

Natural Selection is the process by which a species changes over time in response to a change in the environment. Homo evolved through natural selection, clear-cut and single-stemmed line.

Question 8

Homo Ergaster

Answer 8

Homo Ergaster is the extinct species which existed 150,000-100,000 years ago. They first appeared in easter regions of Africa about 150k years ago and by 100k years ago they evolved into modern Homo sapiens.

Question 9

Blombos Caves

Answer 9

The Blombos Cave is an archaeological site in South Africa that contains artifacts of early humans. Some showed various art forms. Some objects were more than 70,000 years old. Before the discovery, it was believed that human creativity develop 40-50k years ago in Europe.

Question 10

Homo

Answer 10

Homo is a genus of Hominidae (great apes) that emerged from the genus Australopithecus and encompasses the extant species Homo sapiens (modern humans) and a number of extinct species classified as either ancestral or closely related to modern humans.

Question 11

Hominid

Answer 11

Hominids were the early development into human form. There was improvement in physical appearance and vital capacity to reason, plan, organize, make tools, create art, etc. 17 varieties of hominid evolved ruing the Paleolithic time period.

Question 12

BC/BCE AD/CE

Answer 12

BC/BCE: Before Christ/ Before Common Era

AD/CE: Anno Domini/Common Era

Question 13

History

Answer 13

History is the record of what people have done in the past. The past can mean 10,000 BCE or yesterday. It depends on evidence of the past. What has been forgotten and leaves no evidence is NOT considered history.

Question 14

Prehistory

Answer 14

Prehistory was the time before civilization and any form of taking records. Before writing things down.

Question 15

Historiography

Answer 15

Historiography is the systematic study of history, as processed through an author’s brain and bias, working with raw materials he/she found.

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

Culture is the various distinctive things of a society or group of people as a way of living.

Question 17

Civilzations

Answer 17

Civilization is the stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is considered most advanced.
Characteristics: language, technology/tools, social classes, trade (relationships with other civilizations), food supply, social services (police, fire department, education), government, stable population, art + culture + entertainment, religion

Question 18

Archaeology

Answer 18

Archaeology is the study of past cultures and civilizations through examination of their artifacts. It is derived from Greek meaning “ the study of origin”.

Question 19

Anthropology

Answer 19

Anthropology refers to science that studies humans as a species rather than studying a special aspect of their activity.

Question 20

Paleoanthropology

Answer 20

Paleoanthropology is the study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records.

Question 21

Primary/Secondary Source

Answer 21

A primary source is the raw material which was created during the time being studied.
A secondary source is one made by one who did not directly experience the events that are being written about. It is normally an analysis of the events.

Question 22

Paleolithic Age

Answer 22

The Paleolithic Age took place from the appearance of the first toolmaking hominid to about 10,000 BCE. Late Paleolithic people were hunters and foragers but life was not easy as famine was just around the corner. Family was the basic social unit as many people were needed for protection but also need for food.

Question 23

Neanderthal Man

Answer 23

Neanderthals had a long, low skull (compared to the more globular skull of modern humans) with a characteristic prominent brow ridge above their eyes. Their face was also distinctive. The central part of the face protruded forward and was dominated by a very big, wide nose. They are genetically closest to East Asians.

Question 24

Neolithic Age (Agriculture and Livestock Breeding)

Answer 24

The Neolithic Age was the breakthrough to more complex farms of social organization. The Neolithic Revolution was the human’s ability to grow or breed their food.

Question 25

Agricultural Revolution (C/E)

Answer 25

This was the switch from hunting to agriculture and breeding of animals. They did not have to depend on luck of hunting but was able to sustain a source of food. They need to use intensive methods to sustain population growth, but famine did occur. This created the concept of settlement and private land. This also brought the specialization of labor so that different people had different jobs.

Question 26

Matriarchy

Answer 26

It is a system of society where women have power.
Women were associated with fertility;Earth Mother in various cultures. Women were seen as the key for Earth Mother to answer prayers for food.

Question 27

Patriarchy

Answer 27

Patriarchy is the system of society when the father or eldest man is the leader. And the descendants are traced through the male line.

Question 28

Catal Huyuk

Answer 28

Catal Huyuk was a Neolithic settlement, which subsisted by hunting and gathering from 7200-6300 BCE. Later started to grow crops native to region and adopted as their main food source. They lived in densely occupied box homes with no streets and no doors/windows (religious purpose). Tools and weapons of stone, obsidian, clay, and natural fibers/dyes

Question 29

Holocene Era

Answer 29

The Holocene Era stretches from 12,000BCE to the present. This was a dramatic shift to a generally warmer and somewhat drier climate. This forced settlement near surviving bodies of water and adopting methods of producing, rather than hunting for food. Would allow for a more sedentary and settle way of life.

Question 30

Venus/Aphrodite of Willendorf

Answer 30

This is a statue that could mean many things. A statue of a goddess, a fertility symbol, or a symbol of prosperity.

Question 31

Irrigation Civilizations

Answer 31

Wherever discovered to grow and breed food (pop. increase dramatically). Wealth supported more complex societies, craft production and trade. New farming tech as urban life developed. Decided that writing was necessary to keep records. They were primarily rural societies. Based primarily on peasant agriculture. Most maintained life in balance with their natural environment. Religion based heavily on gods and spirits that controlled their natural environment. Believed time to a cyclic. Social values emphasized kinship and the clan.

Question 32

Bronze Age

Answer 32

The Bronze Age was when bronze are and weapons predominated. 7000-1500BCE, Western Asia(earliest known civilization). The smelting of iron first appeared which lead into the Iron Age.

Question 33

Iron Age

Answer 33

The smelting of iron tools/weapons was a major development. This opened areas to cultivation for the first time and gave warfare a new look. Iron was cheaper and lasted longer, resisted fiery heat, and kept its form. It was very common and found close to the earth’s surface. Hittites, people of modern Turkey, were the first to smelt and taper iron. Started to spread around 1200 BCE.

Question 34

Division of labor/specialization

Answer 34

This came during the Neolithic and Agricultural Revolution. On a settlement people would specialize in or have specific jobs. For example a field worker would work in the fields and not as a builder.

Question 35

Surplus

Answer 35

A surplus is an amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply over demand.

Question 36

Domesticate

Answer 36

It is the act of taming an animal for farm produce. It also means to cultivate a plant for food.

Question 37

Jared Diamond

Answer 37

Historian Jared Diamond believes that agriculture was the worst mistake in the history of the human race. He believed it brought gross social and sexual inequality. Also bringing diseases and espotism, cursing our existence. It brought many detrimental effects throughout the development of humans.

Question 38

Agrarian civilization- trends

Answer 38

N/A

Question 39

Genomics and Human Migration

Answer 39

Genomics is the study of the complete set of DNA (all genes) in a person or other organisms.
Human Migration is the process of moving to another area and confirming a permanent change of residency.
Modern humans moved from Africa to Asia about 60-80k years ago.

Question 40

Genetic markers

Answer 40

A genetic marker is a DNA sequence with a known physical location on a chromosome. Genetic markers can help link an inherited disease with the responsible gene. DNA segments close to each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together.

Question 41

Chromosomes

Answer 41

TheThe human genome makes humans different from relative species, only having 23 chromosomes. They are made from protein and a single molecule of DNA. 11 from mother and 11 from father. The 23rd decides the gender.

Question 42

DNA testing/types

Answer 42

N/A