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PSYC 2800 > Chapter 2 - Anatomy of Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Anatomy of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

specialized cells of the nervous system that control behaviour, the senses, and movement; ~90-100 billion; generate action potentials; release chemicals (neurotransmission)

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2
Q

Glial cells

A

structural and functional support cells for nervous system; ~50-60 billion just in cortex; do not generate action potentials

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3
Q

Soma (neuron structure)

A

contains nucleus (DNA); “sums” incoming signals

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4
Q

Dendrites (neuron structure)

A

conduct weak electrical signals towards somas (graded potentials)

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5
Q

Axon (neuron structure)

A

conduct action potentials (stronger sustained electrical signals

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6
Q

Axon terminal (neuron structure)

A

end of axons that release neurochemicals into a synapse

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7
Q

Synapse (neuron structure)

A

site of interaction between a pre and post synaptic neuron

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8
Q

Interneurons (functional types of neurons)

A

soma and axon are located in the same neural region; local circuits (nuclei)

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9
Q

Sensory neurons (functional types of neurons)

A

afferent neurons; axons project toward the CNS from sensory organs

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10
Q

Motor neurons (functional types of neurons)

A

efferent neurons; carry info away from CNS; stimulate muscles or glands

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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes (types of glial cells)

A

provide myelin sheath for some neurons; insulate and increase neural conduction

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12
Q

Astrocytes (types of glial cells)

A

part of blood brain barrier (BBB); respond to neuronal injury (gliosis); supply nutrients (NT precursors); buffer ions during neuron firing

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13
Q

Microglial cells (types of glial cells)

A

remove cellular waste; contribute to immune function within NS

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14
Q

Neuraxis

A

the axis of the neural tube front to back through spinal cord and brain; turns 90 degrees at head in bipedals

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15
Q

Anterior - posterior

A

front to back

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16
Q

Dorsal - ventral

A

top to bottom

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17
Q

Medial - lateral

A

middle to side

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18
Q

Coronal (cross) section

A

perpendicular to the anterior-posterior plane

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19
Q

Sagittal section

A

perpendicular to the medial-lateral plane

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20
Q

Horizontal section

A

perpendicular to the dorsal-ventral plane

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21
Q

CNS contains the ____ and the ____

A

brain; spinal cord

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22
Q

PNS refers to the ____ and contains the ____ and the ____

A

body; somatic NS; autonomic NS

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23
Q

Somatic NS

A

voluntary movements; body senses

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24
Q

Autonomic NS contains the ____ and the ____

A

sympathetic NS; parasympathetic NS

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25
Q

Autonomic NS controls….

A

involuntary movements necessary for life; internal organs

26
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

prepares body for rigorous activity; fight or flight response; releases NE onto target cells

27
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

maintains bodily functions; rest and digest; releases ACh onto target cells

28
Q

Enteric NS

A

regulates digestion (intestines); relatively independent

29
Q

Forebrain (CNS)

A

cerebral cortex; large visible part of forebrain; several lobes; sub-cortical structures (ex. ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

30
Q

Midbrain (CNS)

A

superior colliculus; inferior colliculus; origin of important pathways (DA)

31
Q

Hindbrain (CNS)

A

cerebellum; pons; medulla; locus coeruleus

32
Q

Medulla (hindbrain)

A

regulates basic survival functions; origin of several cranial nerves (notably Vagus nerve); drugs that suppress medulla can lead to death (respiratory failure)

33
Q

Pons (hindbrain)

A

regulates sleep; origin of several cranial nerves; important pathways for movement (connected to cerebellum)

34
Q

Cerebellum (hindbrain)

A

coordination and timing of movements; rich in GABA (affected by alcohol)

35
Q

Superior Colliculus (midbrain)

A

visual tracking

36
Q

Inferior colliculus (midbrain)

A

binaural hearing

37
Q

Subtantia nigra (midbrain)

A

origin of DA fibres projecting to forebrain; basal ganglia; important for movement

38
Q

Ventral tegmental area (midbrain)

A

origin DA pathway to nucleus accumbens (reward centre)

39
Q

Periaqueductal gray (midbrain)

A

regulates pain; rich in endorphins

40
Q

Thalamus (forebrain)

A

several nuclei; relay sensory information (all except olfaction); important for consciousness

41
Q

Hypothalamus (forebrain)

A

regulates many physiological processes (hunger, thirst, sexual desire); regulates endocrine systems (pituitary gland)

42
Q

Limbic system (forebrain)

A

group of subcortical forebrain structures involved in regulating emotional behaviour (amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus)

43
Q

Basal ganglia (forebrain)

A

important for movement (habits)

44
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

near basal ganglia; reward centre; strongly activated by addictive (highly rewarding) drugs; dopamine release (from VTA)

45
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

is convoluted (gyri/bumps and sulci/fissures); contains four major lobes

46
Q

What are the 4 major lobes in the cerebral cortex?

A

occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal

47
Q

Occipital lobe (cerebral cortex)

A

processes visual info

48
Q

Temporal lobe (cerebral cortex)

A

auditory processing and language functions; visual processing (shapes)

49
Q

Parietal lobe (cerebral cortex)

A

includes somatosensory cortex that processes touch related info from body; vision (movement); taste

50
Q

Frontal lobe (cerebral cortex)

A

includes primary motor cortex which controls voluntary movement (incl lang prod); important for attention, short-term memory, decision making (executive functions); regulates emotion; olfaction

51
Q

Prefrontal cortex (controlling voluntary movement)

A

signals that movement should occur

52
Q

Motor cortex (controlling voluntary movement)

A

receives motor info from prefrontal cortex and sends it to spinal cord

53
Q

Basal ganglia (controlling voluntary movement)

A

involved in stabilizing movements and habits (“automatic” behaviours)

54
Q

Cerebellum (controlling voluntary movement)

A

maintains sequence and timing of movements

55
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

clear fluid produced by cells in brain; fills space between meninges; provides cushioning; pathway for nutritional support, hormones, and metabolites

56
Q

Genes

A

segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait within an organism

57
Q

Polymorphisms

A

differences in gene sequences that result in differences in protein expression; can effect how long a drug remains in body or potency of a drug (liver enzymes, receptor number)

58
Q

Transcription

A

expression of DNA into RNA

59
Q

Transcription factor

A

substance that increases or decreases transcription

60
Q

Epigenetics/neurogenetics

A

study of gene expressions that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence (ex. alcohol expression can increase gene expression even in offspring)

61
Q

CRISPR

A

way of editing genes or turning them off altogether; has been used to treat sickle disease

PSYC 2800 (12 decks)

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