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PSYC 2800 > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

study of how drugs affect mood, perception, cognition, and behaviour

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2
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that have effects on mood, perception, cognition, and behaviour by acting on the CNS

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3
Q

Why study psychopharmacology?

A

we are consumers; greater knowledge improves patient understanding; drugs can be used as research tools

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4
Q

What is a drug?

A

an administered substance that affects physiological functioning

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5
Q

What is not a drug?

A

substances made in the body but can still be given in a hospital (ex. norepinephrine to raise BP)

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6
Q

Instrumental drug use

A

used to accomplish a specific purpose

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7
Q

Psychotropic drugs

A

drugs used to treat a psychological disorder (ex. ativan for anxiety)

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8
Q

Recreational drug use

A

used to experience drug affects (smoking weed to get high)

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9
Q

Drug misuse

A

using a drug recreationally that was intended for instrumental use only; often leads to dependency

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10
Q

Trade name (naming drugs)

A

a trademarked name assigned by the company that created the drug ex. Valium (Hoffman-La Roche)

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11
Q

Generic name (naming drugs)

A

a nonproprietary name that classifies a drug in a given category and distinguishes it from other drugs in that category ex. Diazepam (a benzodiazepine)

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12
Q

Street name (naming drugs)

A

colloquial terms for a drug; used by individuals who use, sell, or make drugs for recreation (ex. dope, jellies, vallies)

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13
Q

Chemical name (naming drugs)

A

detail a drugs chemical structure per rules set forth by the Intl Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ex. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

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14
Q

Dose

A

drug affect is determined by its dose; defined as the ratio of the amount of drug per body weight

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15
Q

Dose-response/dose-effect curves

A

depict magnitude of a drug effect over a range of doses

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16
Q

Effective dose

A

a dose that produces some percentage of a target response OR a dose at which a certain percentage of individuals display some target response (ex. ED50 is a dose that produces 50% of some response OR a dose that produces a target response in 50% of individuals)

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17
Q

Potency

A

Determined by the amount of drug required for some level of effect; the lower the dose required for some effect, the more potent

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18
Q

Toxic dose (TD)

A

dose that produces some toxic effect in a certain % of individuals (ex. TD50 is a dose that produces a toxic effect in 50% of individuals

19
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

difference in toxic and therapeutic doses of a drug; dose used for some treatment

20
Q

Certain Safety Index

A

divide TD1 by ED99, ideally don’t want the two dose responses to overlap; CSI >1

21
Q

Addiditve drug effects

A

the magnitude of the combined effect is the sum of each drug’s effect

22
Q

Synergistic drug effect

A

the combined effect is greater than the sum of each drug’s effect

23
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

refers to the physiological actions of the drugs (ex. effect of a drug on a particular receptor site in the brain)

24
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

refers to how drugs pass through and are eliminated from the body (ex. how readily does the drug pass into blood stream/brain, how is it metabolized, how long does it remain in the body)

25
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

refers to the study of how genetic differences influence both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

26
Q

Correlational study

A

no alteration of study conditions; changes in study variables are observed and relationships are observed; cant state causal effect with certainty

27
Q

Experimental study

A

researchers alter a study’s independent variable and observe changes in a dependent variable; experiments can identify causal relationships between an independent and a dependent variable

28
Q

Placebo

A

a substance that is made to be identical in appearance to drug but is inert; controls for expectation effects

29
Q

Active placebo

A

may have certain side effects to be more convincing

30
Q

Single blind experiment

A

participants do not know which treatment they received

31
Q

Double blind experiment

A

neither the participants nor the researcher know the treatment assignments

32
Q

Open label experiments

A

does not involve blinded procedures because of ethical consequences or impracticality (ex. anti cancer drug would be unethical to withhold)

33
Q

Objective effects

A

drug effects that can be directly observed by others (ex. sobriety test, BP, HR)

34
Q

Subjective effects

A

drug effects that cannot be directly observed (ex. mood, perceptual effects)

35
Q

Why are animals used for psychopharmacological research?

A

there are no viable alternatives; have a relatively high internal validity, construct validity, and predictive validity

36
Q

Internal validity

A

the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables

37
Q

Construct validity

A

how well a set of indicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable; the accumulation of evidence to support the interpretation of what a measure reflects
ex. animals model essential features of conditions in humans

38
Q

Predictive validity

A

addresses how well a specific tool predicts future behavior
ex. animals can predict drugs that MAY also be effective in humans

39
Q

What are the three Rs in the regulation of animal research?

A

replace, reduce, refine (use other models when possible, number of animals to a minimum, minimize harm/pain)

40
Q

External validity

A

ability to generalize findings beyond the immediate testing conditions (ex. to other populations)
ex. drug may work in study population (mine, normal/healthy humans) but not in another population (humans/with a psychological or medical cond.)

41
Q

Informed consent

A

free choice; cannot force anyone to participate

42
Q

Low risk/benefit

A

benefits must outweigh the risks

43
Q

How many phases are in a clinical trial?

A

4 phases

PSYC 2800 (12 decks)

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