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Medical Terms > Chapter 2 -Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2 -Anatomy Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front of the body

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2
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back of the body

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3
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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4
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side of the body

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5
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point

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6
Q

Distal

A

farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point

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7
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

above, toward the head

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8
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

below, toward the lower end of the spine

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9
Q

Superficial (external)

A

closer to the surface of the body

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10
Q

Deep (internal)

A

closer to the center of the body

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11
Q

Supine

A

lying face up

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12
Q

Prone

A

lying face down

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13
Q

Saggital plane

A

Cuts through the body from front to back & divides the body into right and left sections

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14
Q

Midsaggital plane

A

Cuts through the MIDLINE of the body from front to back and divides the body into equal right and left sections

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15
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

Cuts at a right angle to the midline, from side to side, and divides the body into front and back sections.

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16
Q

Transverse (horizontal) (axial)

A

Cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper and lower sections.

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17
Q

Cell membrane

A

Surrounds and protects individual cell

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Small, round structure within center of a cell.
Contains chromosomes & DNA

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19
Q

Chromosome

A

Linear strand made of DNA

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20
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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21
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

A

Within nucleus, transcribed from DNA, play role in protein synthesis

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22
Q

Gene

A

Specific segment of base pairs in chromosomes

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23
Q

Mitosis

A

Cells divide and multiply

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24
Q

Allograft

A

a graft transplanted from one person to another who is not genetically identical

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25
Q

Autologous

A

Obtained from the patient as both the donor and recipient

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26
Q

Cutaneous

A

Pertaining to the skin

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27
Q

Dermatology

A

Study of the skin

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28
Q

Dermatologist

A

Physician specializing in the skin

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29
Q

Decubitus

A

Pressure ulcer, bedsore

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30
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Condition in which blood seeps into the skin, causing discoloration (bruise)

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31
Q

Hypodermic

A

Pertaining to under the skin

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32
Q

Intradermal

A

Pertaining to within the skin

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33
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowness of the skin

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34
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment giving color to the skin

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35
Q

Melanoma

A

Pigmented malignant tumor of the skin

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36
Q

Pediculosis

A

Infestation with lice

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37
Q

Percutaneous

A

Through the skin either by absorption or by needle puncture

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38
Q

Pruritus

A

Severe itching

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39
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Pertaining to below the skin

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40
Q

Tinea

A

Ringworm, fungal infection of the skin

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41
Q

Transcutaneous

A

Penetrating, entering or passing through the skin

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42
Q

Trichomycosis

A

Fungal infection of the hair

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43
Q

Urticaria

A

raised hives on the skin with itching

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44
Q

Alopecia

A

loss of hair

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45
Q

Follicles

A

Specialized structures required for hair growth

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46
Q

Hair follicles

A

Sacs holding the root of hair fibers

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47
Q

Hair Papilla

A

Knoblike indentation at bottom of hair follicle containing the blood supply to hair root

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48
Q

Lunula

A

Little moon area of nail

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49
Q

Nail Body

A

Visible part of nail

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50
Q

Nail Bed

A

Skin below the nail, epidermis and dermis

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51
Q

Onychitis

A

Inflammation of nail matrix

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52
Q

Closed fracture

A

Does not involve a break in the skin

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53
Q

Compound fracture (open fracture)

A

Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection

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54
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

More than two separate bone components (fragments)

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55
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Breaks shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis

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56
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Only one side of shaft is broken and other is bent (common in children)

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57
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress

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58
Q

Colles’ Fracture

A

Occurs in wrist and affects the distal radius bone

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59
Q

Compression Fracture

A

Vertebrae collapse due to trauma, tumor or osteoporosis

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60
Q

Epiphyseal Fracture

A

Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying. (usually children)

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61
Q

Ankylosis

A

Condition of stiffening of a joint

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62
Q

Arthralgia

A

Pain in joint

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63
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint

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64
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Surgical fixation of a joint

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65
Q

Arthropathy

A

Joint disease

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66
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

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67
Q

Carpal

A

Pertaining to the wrist bones

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68
Q

Chondral

A

Pertaining to cartilage

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69
Q

Chondralgia

A

Pain around and in the cartilage

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70
Q

Coccygeal

A

Pertaining to the coccyx

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71
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Tissue connecting or binding together

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72
Q

Dactylic

A

Pertaining to finger or toe

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73
Q

Femoral

A

Pertaining to femur

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74
Q

Iliac

A

Pertaining to the ilium

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75
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)

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76
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal anterior curvature of spine, usually lumbar (swayback or hollowback)

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77
Q

Metacarpal

A

Long bones of hand

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78
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cell

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79
Q

Osteocarcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor of bone

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80
Q

Osteochondritis

A

Inflammation of bone and cartilage

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81
Q

Osteopenia

A

Lower than average bone density

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82
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Condition resulting in reduction of bone mass

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83
Q

Osteorrhaphy

A

Suture of bone

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84
Q

Patellar

A

Pertaining to patella

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85
Q

Phalanges

A

bones of the fingers and toes

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86
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of spine

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87
Q

Sternotomy

A

Surgical incision of sternum

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88
Q

Tarsal

A

Pertaining to tarsal bones of foot (small bones in ankle)

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89
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of tendon

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90
Q

Angina

A

Spasmodic attacks of suffocating pain from inflammatory condition of the throat or mouth or angina pectoris.

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91
Q

Angiocarditis

A

Inflammation of heart & vessels

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92
Q

Angioplasty

A

Surgical repair of vessels

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93
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of an artery

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94
Q

Arteriotomy

A

Incision into an artery

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95
Q

Artherosclerosis

A

Type of arteriosclerosis characterized by lipid deposits causing fibrosis and calcification

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96
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heartbeat

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97
Q

Cardiocentesis

A

Surgical puncture of the heart

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98
Q

Cardiologist

A

Physician specializing in the heart

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99
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Enlargement of the heart

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100
Q

Cardiopulmonary

A

Pertaining to heart & lungs

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101
Q

Carditis

A

Inflammation of the heart

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102
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluing of skin & mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency

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103
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart allowing blood to refill the heart chambers

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104
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Electrical tracing of the heart and heart muscle activity

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105
Q

Embolism

A

Blood clot traveling through a blood vessel to another part of the body

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106
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign tumor of a blood vessel

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107
Q

Hypertension

A

Persistent excessive pressure in the arteries

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108
Q

Pacemaker

A

A system that uses low energy electronic pulses to control the heart rhythm

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109
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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110
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

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111
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot formed within a blood vessel

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112
Q

Transluminal

A

Passing through a tubular organ or part such as the lumen of a blood vessel

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113
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Inflammation & enlargement of lymph nodes

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114
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels

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115
Q

Lymphedema

A

Swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction of excision of lymphatic vessels

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116
Q

Lyphoma

A

Neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue

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117
Q

Sentinel Node

A

First few lymph notes into which a tumor drains and cancer cells can likely spread from

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118
Q

Thymitis

A

Thymus gland inflammation

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119
Q

ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Symdrome

A

Pulmonary edema that can rapidly lead to death

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120
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

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121
Q

Bronchoscope

A

Instrument used to examine the bronchi

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122
Q

Carina

A

A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage where the trachea separates into two bronchi. Landmark for endoscopy. Sensitive, triggers a cough reflex

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123
Q

COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

Any group of chronic, progressive & debilitative respiratory diseases

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124
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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125
Q

Endotracheal tube

A

A tube placed through the mouth into the trachea to help a patient breathe

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126
Q

Hemothorax

A

Presence of blood in the pleural space

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127
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Abnormally rapid or deep breathing

128
Q

Lobectomy

A

Surgical excision of a lobe of the lung

129
Q

Orthopnea

A

Difficulty breathing unless upright or in a straight position
Ortho- (straight)
-pnea (to breathe)

130
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collection of air in the chest or pleural cavity

131
Q

Rales (crackles)

A

Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid typically during inspiration

132
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Discharge from the nose

133
Q

Rhonchus

A

Rale or rattling sound in throat or bronchial tube caused by obstruction or inflamed bronchi

134
Q

Tachypnea

A

Fast or rapid breathing

135
Q

Thoracoscopy

A

Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope

136
Q

Thoracotomy

A

Incision into the chest wall

137
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity via surgical puncture, pleural tap

138
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Highly contagious, chronic bacterial infection affecting the lungs

139
Q

Wheeze

A

Whistling sound usually caused by air passageway obstruction, common in asthmatics

140
Q

Aphagia

A

Inability to swallow

141
Q

Bariatric

A

Pertaining to the prevention and control of obesity

142
Q

Biliary

A

Pertaining to bile

143
Q

Buccal

A

Pertaining to the cheek

144
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Surgical excision of the gallbladder

145
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

146
Q

Colectomy

A

Excision of part of the colon

147
Q

Colonoscopy

A

Examination of the colon and may include examination of the terminal ileum with an endoscope

148
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of one or more diverticulum

149
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Presence of a number of diverticula of the intestine

150
Q

Diverticulum

A

Small pouches that protrude from the wall of a hollow organ or structure. Most common in the lower portion of the large intestine.

151
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty in swallowing

152
Q

Epigastric

A

Region above the stomach

153
Q

Esophageal

A

Pertaining to the esophagus

154
Q

Gastralgia

A

Pain in the stomach

155
Q

Gastroenterologist

A

Physician specializing in the gastrointestinal system

156
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

157
Q

Herniotomy

A

Incision into a hernia

158
Q

Ileostomy

A

Creating an opening through the abdominal wall into the ileum

159
Q

Laparotomy

A

Surgical incision into the abdomen

160
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

161
Q

Pharyngeal

A

Pertaining to the pharynx

162
Q

Rectocele

A

Herniation of the rectum into the vagina
-cele (hernia, pouching, bulging)

163
Q

Sigmoidoscope

A

Instrument used to view the sigmoid

164
Q

Sphincter

A

A muscular ring around a lumen, or hollow structure

165
Q

Spenomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen

166
Q

Splenorrhaphy

A

Repair of the spleen

167
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth

168
Q

Sublingual

A

Below or beneath the tongue (hypoglossal)

169
Q

Transoral

A

Through the mouth

170
Q

Warthin’s Tumor

A

A tumor found in the salivary gland

171
Q

Albuminuria

A

Presence of serum protein in the urine

172
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Bacteria in the urine

173
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A

A chronic disease in which the kidneys’ ability to filter waste from the blood declines slowly

174
Q

Cystectomy

A

Excision of the bladder or part of the bladder, removal of a cyst

175
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of bladder

176
Q

Cystocele

A

Hernia of the bladder protruding into the vagina

177
Q

Cystolithectomy

A

Excision of a stone from the bladder

178
Q

Cystopexy

A

Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

179
Q

Cystoplasty

A

Surgical repair of the bladder

180
Q

Cystorrhagia

A

Blood bursting forth from the bladder
-rrhagia/-rrhage ex: hemorrhage

181
Q

Dialysis

A

Separation of waste material from blood to maintain fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balance in impaired kidney function

182
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination

183
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine

184
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Condition where urine collects in the renal pelvis due to obstructed outflow, results in dilation of the renal pelvis and calices

185
Q

Incontinence

A

Inability to hold urine

186
Q

Nephrectomy

A

Excision of a kidney

187
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of a kideny

188
Q

Nephrologist

A

Physician treating diseases of the kidney

189
Q

Nephropathy

A

Disease of the kideny

190
Q

Nephrosclerosis

A

Hardening of the kideny

191
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urination

192
Q

Pyelocystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder and renal pelvis

193
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis

194
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus in urine

195
Q

Uremia

A

Excess urea and other nitrogenous waste in blood

196
Q

Ureteroplasty

A

Surgical repair of the ureter

197
Q

Urethralgia (Urethrodynia)

A

Pain in the urethra

198
Q

Urinalysis

A

Examination of the urine

199
Q

Urologist

A

Physician treating diseases of the urinary system

200
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstration

201
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid

202
Q

Antepartum

A

Time period during pregnancy before childbirth

203
Q

Colporrhaphy

A

Suture or repair of the vaginal wall

204
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful or difficult menstration

205
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus

206
Q

Epispadias

A

Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the super aspect (dorsum) of the penis
Epi- above. -spadias opening of urethra

207
Q

external os

A

The opening from the cervix into the vagina

208
Q

Fibroma

A

firbous tumor, also called a myoma, fibroid, leiomyoma

209
Q

Gynecologist

A

Physician specializing in female reproductive system

210
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Surgical excision/removal of the uterus

211
Q

Hypospadias

A

Congenital defect where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis

212
Q

Mammography

A

Graphic recording of the breast using xray

213
Q

Masectomy

A

Surgical excision of the breast

214
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Excessive blood flow during menstration

215
Q

Menorrhea

A

Normal menstration

216
Q

Myometritis

A

Inflammation of the myometrium of the uterus

217
Q

Oophorectomy

A

Surgical excision of one or both of the ovaries

218
Q

Orchiectomy

A

Surgical excision of a testicle

219
Q

Postpartum

A

period after childbirth

220
Q

Salpingectomy

A

Surgical excision of fallopian tubes

221
Q

Prostatalgia

A

Pain in the prostate

222
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of the vagina

223
Q

Vasectomy

A

Excision of the vas deferens surgically

224
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of memory

225
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of muscular coordination

226
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Abnormal slowness of motion

227
Q

Cephalgia/Cephalalgia

A

Headache

228
Q

Cerebrospinal

A

Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord

229
Q

Craniotomy

A

Surgical opening into the skull

230
Q

Discectomy

A

Surgical excision of an intervertebral disc

231
Q

Dysphasia

A

impairment of speech (AKA aphasia)

232
Q

Encephalomalacia

A

Softening of the brain often due to ischemia or infarction

233
Q

Epidural

A

Pertaining to above or outside the dura mater

234
Q

Epilepsy

A

A brain disorder characterized by electrical disturbances resulting in seizures

235
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Paralysis on one side of the body

236
Q

Intracranial

A

Within the skull

237
Q

Intrathecal administration

A

Injection into the spinal canal

238
Q

Laminectomy

A

Excision of the vertebral bone (lamina)

239
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges or the membranes covering the spinal cord or brain

240
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of spinal cord

241
Q

Neuralgia

A

Severe or stabbing pain in the course or distribution of a nerve

242
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of a nerve

243
Q

Neurologist

A

Physician specializing in the nervous system

244
Q

Neurolysis

A

Destruction of nerve tissue or lysis (breaking up) perineural adhesions

245
Q

Neurorrhaphy

A

Repair of severed nerve by suture or graft

246
Q

Neurosis

A

Emotional condition or disorder; anxiety is main characteristic

247
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse

248
Q

Paranoia

A

Mental disorder, often includes delusions involving persecution

249
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord

250
Q

Psychosis

A

An abnormal condition of the mind, distortion of mental capacity

251
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four extremities

252
Q

Radiculitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal nerve rootsS

253
Q

Sciatica

A

Severe pain along the sciatic nerve, usually unilateral

254
Q

Subdural

A

Below the dura mater

255
Q

Vagotomy

A

Surgical incision of the vagus nerve

256
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye causing dullness of vision

257
Q

Ametropia

A

Defect in the refractive power of the eye

258
Q

Aphakia

A

Absence of lens of the eye

259
Q

Astigmatism

A

Abnormal curve of the cornea, rays of light do not focus on the retina but are spread over area causing out of focus vision

260
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the edges of the eyelids

261
Q

Cataract

A

Opacity of the lens of the eye

262
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membrane covering the outer layer of the eye and lines the eyelids

263
Q

Corneal

A

Pertaining to the cornea

264
Q

Cycloplegia

A

Ciliary muscle paralysis

265
Q

Diplopia

A

double vision

266
Q

Ectropion

A

Turning outward (eyelid)

267
Q

Entropion

A

Turning inward (eyelid)

268
Q

Glaucoma

A

Disease of eye from increased intraocular pressure

269
Q

Intraocular

A

Within the eye

270
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

271
Q

Lacrima

A

Relating to tears or to the glands that secrete tears

272
Q

Ocular

A

pertaining to the eye

273
Q

Ophthalmologist

A

Physician specializing in diseases of the eye

274
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

Instruments to examine the interior portion of the eye

275
Q

Presbyopia

A

Farsightedness associated with aging and progressive disease

276
Q

Retinopathy

A

Non inflammatory degenerative disease of the retina

277
Q

Tonometer

A

Instrument to measure intraocular pressure

278
Q

Trichiasis

A

Ingrown eyelashes

279
Q

Audiology

A

Study of hearing disorders

280
Q

Auricle

A

External ear

281
Q

Labyrinthitis

A

Inflammation of the labyrinth

282
Q

Myringoplasty

A

Repair of the tympanic membrane

283
Q

Ossicles

A

Three small bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)

284
Q

Otolaryngologist

A

Physician specializing in diseases of the ear and larynx

285
Q

Otologist

A

Physician specializing in the ear

286
Q

Otopyorrhea

A

Pus draining from the ear

287
Q

Otoscope

A

Instruement used to examine the ear

288
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing in the ear

289
Q

Vertigo

A

Feeling of moving or spinning, caused by a disturbance in the labyrinth

290
Q

Adam’s Apple

A

Thyroid cartilage containing vocal cords

291
Q

Diabetes

A

Disorder of glucose metabolism. Type I caused by pancreas’ failure to produce insulin. Type II caused by a resistance to insulin

292
Q

Endocrinologist

A

Physician specializing in the endocrine system

293
Q

Euthyroid

A

Normal thyroid gland activity

294
Q

Glandular

A

pertaining to a gland

295
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Excessive potassium in the blood

296
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone

297
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Deficient secretion of the thyroid hormone

298
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhands of the pancreas. Regulate glucose metabolism

299
Q

Parathyroid

A

Glands located behind the thyroid gland

300
Q

Thymitis

A

Inflammation of the thymus gland

301
Q

Thyroiditis

A

Inflammation of the thyroid glands

302
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

A

Condition caused by excess thyroid hormone, often from hyperactivity of the thyroid gland

303
Q

Erythropathy

A

Disease of red blood cells

304
Q

Hematocrit

A

Blood test measuring RBC volume. Separates the plasma and the RBC

305
Q

Hematologist

A

Physician specializing in blood disorders

306
Q

Hemoglobin

A

the red respiratory protein of RBCs; transports oxygen to the tissues

307
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of RBCs

308
Q

Hemostasis

A

Control of bleeding

309
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excessive calcium in the blood

310
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Excessive sugar in the blood

311
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive fat in the blood

312
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Deficient sugar in the blood

313
Q

Leukemia

A

Overproduction of leukocytes resulting in chronic disease

314
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Disease of excessive monouclear leukocytes in the blood due to infection with Epstein-Barr virus

315
Q

Polycythemis

A

Abnormal increase in RBCs

316
Q

Septicemis

A

Pathogenic bacteria in the blood

317
Q
A

Medical Terms (10 decks)

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