Chapter 2 -Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Anterior (ventral)
A
toward the front of the body
2
Q
Posterior (dorsal)
A
toward the back of the body
3
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
4
Q
Lateral
A
Toward the side of the body
5
Q
Proximal
A
nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point
6
Q
Distal
A
farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point
7
Q
Superior (cranial)
A
above, toward the head
8
Q
Inferior (caudal)
A
below, toward the lower end of the spine
9
Q
Superficial (external)
A
closer to the surface of the body
10
Q
Deep (internal)
A
closer to the center of the body
11
Q
Supine
A
lying face up
12
Q
Prone
A
lying face down
13
Q
Saggital plane
A
Cuts through the body from front to back & divides the body into right and left sections
14
Q
Midsaggital plane
A
Cuts through the MIDLINE of the body from front to back and divides the body into equal right and left sections
15
Q
Frontal (coronal) plane
A
Cuts at a right angle to the midline, from side to side, and divides the body into front and back sections.
16
Q
Transverse (horizontal) (axial)
A
Cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper and lower sections.
17
Q
Cell membrane
A
Surrounds and protects individual cell
18
Q
Nucleus
A
Small, round structure within center of a cell.
Contains chromosomes & DNA
19
Q
Chromosome
A
Linear strand made of DNA
20
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
21
Q
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
A
Within nucleus, transcribed from DNA, play role in protein synthesis
22
Q
Gene
A
Specific segment of base pairs in chromosomes
23
Q
Mitosis
A
Cells divide and multiply
24
Q
Allograft
A
a graft transplanted from one person to another who is not genetically identical
25
Autologous
Obtained from the patient as both the donor and recipient
26
Cutaneous
Pertaining to the skin
27
Dermatology
Study of the skin
28
Dermatologist
Physician specializing in the skin
29
Decubitus
Pressure ulcer, bedsore
30
Ecchymosis
Condition in which blood seeps into the skin, causing discoloration (bruise)
31
Hypodermic
Pertaining to under the skin
32
Intradermal
Pertaining to within the skin
33
Jaundice
Yellowness of the skin
34
Melanin
Pigment giving color to the skin
35
Melanoma
Pigmented malignant tumor of the skin
36
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice
37
Percutaneous
Through the skin either by absorption or by needle puncture
38
Pruritus
Severe itching
39
Subcutaneous
Pertaining to below the skin
40
Tinea
Ringworm, fungal infection of the skin
41
Transcutaneous
Penetrating, entering or passing through the skin
42
Trichomycosis
Fungal infection of the hair
43
Urticaria
raised hives on the skin with itching
44
Alopecia
loss of hair
45
Follicles
Specialized structures required for hair growth
46
Hair follicles
Sacs holding the root of hair fibers
47
Hair Papilla
Knoblike indentation at bottom of hair follicle containing the blood supply to hair root
48
Lunula
Little moon area of nail
49
Nail Body
Visible part of nail
50
Nail Bed
Skin below the nail, epidermis and dermis
51
Onychitis
Inflammation of nail matrix
52
Closed fracture
Does not involve a break in the skin
53
Compound fracture (open fracture)
Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection
54
Comminuted Fracture
More than two separate bone components (fragments)
55
Transverse Fracture
Breaks shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis
56
Greenstick Fracture
Only one side of shaft is broken and other is bent (common in children)
57
Spiral Fracture
Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress
58
Colles' Fracture
Occurs in wrist and affects the distal radius bone
59
Compression Fracture
Vertebrae collapse due to trauma, tumor or osteoporosis
60
Epiphyseal Fracture
Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying. (usually children)
61
Ankylosis
Condition of stiffening of a joint
62
Arthralgia
Pain in joint
63
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint
64
Arthrodesis
Surgical fixation of a joint
65
Arthropathy
Joint disease
66
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
67
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist bones
68
Chondral
Pertaining to cartilage
69
Chondralgia
Pain around and in the cartilage
70
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the coccyx
71
Connective Tissue
Tissue connecting or binding together
72
Dactylic
Pertaining to finger or toe
73
Femoral
Pertaining to femur
74
Iliac
Pertaining to the ilium
75
Kyphosis
Abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)
76
Lordosis
Abnormal anterior curvature of spine, usually lumbar (swayback or hollowback)
77
Metacarpal
Long bones of hand
78
Osteoblast
Bone forming cell
79
Osteocarcinoma
Cancerous tumor of bone
80
Osteochondritis
Inflammation of bone and cartilage
81
Osteopenia
Lower than average bone density
82
Osteoporosis
Condition resulting in reduction of bone mass
83
Osteorrhaphy
Suture of bone
84
Patellar
Pertaining to patella
85
Phalanges
bones of the fingers and toes
86
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine
87
Sternotomy
Surgical incision of sternum
88
Tarsal
Pertaining to tarsal bones of foot (small bones in ankle)
89
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon
90
Angina
Spasmodic attacks of suffocating pain from inflammatory condition of the throat or mouth or angina pectoris.
91
Angiocarditis
Inflammation of heart & vessels
92
Angioplasty
Surgical repair of vessels
93
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of an artery
94
Arteriotomy
Incision into an artery
95
Artherosclerosis
Type of arteriosclerosis characterized by lipid deposits causing fibrosis and calcification
96
Bradycardia
Slow heartbeat
97
Cardiocentesis
Surgical puncture of the heart
98
Cardiologist
Physician specializing in the heart
99
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart
100
Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to heart & lungs
101
Carditis
Inflammation of the heart
102
Cyanosis
Bluing of skin & mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency
103
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart allowing blood to refill the heart chambers
104
Electrocardiogram
Electrical tracing of the heart and heart muscle activity
105
Embolism
Blood clot traveling through a blood vessel to another part of the body
106
Hemangioma
Benign tumor of a blood vessel
107
Hypertension
Persistent excessive pressure in the arteries
108
Pacemaker
A system that uses low energy electronic pulses to control the heart rhythm
109
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
110
Systole
Contraction of the heart
111
Thrombus
Blood clot formed within a blood vessel
112
Transluminal
Passing through a tubular organ or part such as the lumen of a blood vessel
113
Lymphadenitis
Inflammation & enlargement of lymph nodes
114
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels
115
Lymphedema
Swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction of excision of lymphatic vessels
116
Lyphoma
Neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue
117
Sentinel Node
First few lymph notes into which a tumor drains and cancer cells can likely spread from
118
Thymitis
Thymus gland inflammation
119
ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Symdrome
Pulmonary edema that can rapidly lead to death
120
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles
121
Bronchoscope
Instrument used to examine the bronchi
122
Carina
A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage where the trachea separates into two bronchi. Landmark for endoscopy. Sensitive, triggers a cough reflex
123
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Any group of chronic, progressive & debilitative respiratory diseases
124
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
125
Endotracheal tube
A tube placed through the mouth into the trachea to help a patient breathe
126
Hemothorax
Presence of blood in the pleural space
127
Hyperpnea
Abnormally rapid or deep breathing
128
Lobectomy
Surgical excision of a lobe of the lung
129
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing unless upright or in a straight position
Ortho- (straight)
-pnea (to breathe)
130
Pneumothorax
Collection of air in the chest or pleural cavity
131
Rales (crackles)
Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid typically during inspiration
132
Rhinorrhea
Discharge from the nose
133
Rhonchus
Rale or rattling sound in throat or bronchial tube caused by obstruction or inflamed bronchi
134
Tachypnea
Fast or rapid breathing
135
Thoracoscopy
Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope
136
Thoracotomy
Incision into the chest wall
137
Thoracentesis
Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity via surgical puncture, pleural tap
138
Tuberculosis
Highly contagious, chronic bacterial infection affecting the lungs
139
Wheeze
Whistling sound usually caused by air passageway obstruction, common in asthmatics
140
Aphagia
Inability to swallow
141
Bariatric
Pertaining to the prevention and control of obesity
142
Biliary
Pertaining to bile
143
Buccal
Pertaining to the cheek
144
Cholecystectomy
Surgical excision of the gallbladder
145
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
146
Colectomy
Excision of part of the colon
147
Colonoscopy
Examination of the colon and may include examination of the terminal ileum with an endoscope
148
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of one or more diverticulum
149
Diverticulosis
Presence of a number of diverticula of the intestine
150
Diverticulum
Small pouches that protrude from the wall of a hollow organ or structure. Most common in the lower portion of the large intestine.
151
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
152
Epigastric
Region above the stomach
153
Esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
154
Gastralgia
Pain in the stomach
155
Gastroenterologist
Physician specializing in the gastrointestinal system
156
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
157
Herniotomy
Incision into a hernia
158
Ileostomy
Creating an opening through the abdominal wall into the ileum
159
Laparotomy
Surgical incision into the abdomen
160
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
161
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx
162
Rectocele
Herniation of the rectum into the vagina
-cele (hernia, pouching, bulging)
163
Sigmoidoscope
Instrument used to view the sigmoid
164
Sphincter
A muscular ring around a lumen, or hollow structure
165
Spenomegaly
Enlarged spleen
166
Splenorrhaphy
Repair of the spleen
167
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
168
Sublingual
Below or beneath the tongue (hypoglossal)
169
Transoral
Through the mouth
170
Warthin's Tumor
A tumor found in the salivary gland
171
Albuminuria
Presence of serum protein in the urine
172
Bacteriuria
Bacteria in the urine
173
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
A chronic disease in which the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood declines slowly
174
Cystectomy
Excision of the bladder or part of the bladder, removal of a cyst
175
Cystitis
Inflammation of bladder
176
Cystocele
Hernia of the bladder protruding into the vagina
177
Cystolithectomy
Excision of a stone from the bladder
178
Cystopexy
Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
179
Cystoplasty
Surgical repair of the bladder
180
Cystorrhagia
Blood bursting forth from the bladder
-rrhagia/-rrhage ex: hemorrhage
181
Dialysis
Separation of waste material from blood to maintain fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balance in impaired kidney function
182
Dysuria
Difficult or painful urination
183
Hematuria
Blood in urine
184
Hydronephrosis
Condition where urine collects in the renal pelvis due to obstructed outflow, results in dilation of the renal pelvis and calices
185
Incontinence
Inability to hold urine
186
Nephrectomy
Excision of a kidney
187
Nephritis
Inflammation of a kideny
188
Nephrologist
Physician treating diseases of the kidney
189
Nephropathy
Disease of the kideny
190
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the kideny
191
Polyuria
Excessive urination
192
Pyelocystitis
Inflammation of the bladder and renal pelvis
193
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
194
Pyuria
Pus in urine
195
Uremia
Excess urea and other nitrogenous waste in blood
196
Ureteroplasty
Surgical repair of the ureter
197
Urethralgia (Urethrodynia)
Pain in the urethra
198
Urinalysis
Examination of the urine
199
Urologist
Physician treating diseases of the urinary system
200
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstration
201
Amniocentesis
Surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid
202
Antepartum
Time period during pregnancy before childbirth
203
Colporrhaphy
Suture or repair of the vaginal wall
204
Dysmenorrhea
Painful or difficult menstration
205
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus
206
Epispadias
Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the super aspect (dorsum) of the penis
Epi- above. -spadias opening of urethra
207
external os
The opening from the cervix into the vagina
208
Fibroma
firbous tumor, also called a myoma, fibroid, leiomyoma
209
Gynecologist
Physician specializing in female reproductive system
210
Hysterectomy
Surgical excision/removal of the uterus
211
Hypospadias
Congenital defect where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis
212
Mammography
Graphic recording of the breast using xray
213
Masectomy
Surgical excision of the breast
214
Menorrhagia
Excessive blood flow during menstration
215
Menorrhea
Normal menstration
216
Myometritis
Inflammation of the myometrium of the uterus
217
Oophorectomy
Surgical excision of one or both of the ovaries
218
Orchiectomy
Surgical excision of a testicle
219
Postpartum
period after childbirth
220
Salpingectomy
Surgical excision of fallopian tubes
221
Prostatalgia
Pain in the prostate
222
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina
223
Vasectomy
Excision of the vas deferens surgically
224
Amnesia
loss of memory
225
Ataxia
Loss of muscular coordination
226
Bradykinesia
Abnormal slowness of motion
227
Cephalgia/Cephalalgia
Headache
228
Cerebrospinal
Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord
229
Craniotomy
Surgical opening into the skull
230
Discectomy
Surgical excision of an intervertebral disc
231
Dysphasia
impairment of speech (AKA aphasia)
232
Encephalomalacia
Softening of the brain often due to ischemia or infarction
233
Epidural
Pertaining to above or outside the dura mater
234
Epilepsy
A brain disorder characterized by electrical disturbances resulting in seizures
235
Hemiparesis
Paralysis on one side of the body
236
Intracranial
Within the skull
237
Intrathecal administration
Injection into the spinal canal
238
Laminectomy
Excision of the vertebral bone (lamina)
239
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges or the membranes covering the spinal cord or brain
240
Myelitis
Inflammation of spinal cord
241
Neuralgia
Severe or stabbing pain in the course or distribution of a nerve
242
Neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve
243
Neurologist
Physician specializing in the nervous system
244
Neurolysis
Destruction of nerve tissue or lysis (breaking up) perineural adhesions
245
Neurorrhaphy
Repair of severed nerve by suture or graft
246
Neurosis
Emotional condition or disorder; anxiety is main characteristic
247
Neurotransmitters
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse
248
Paranoia
Mental disorder, often includes delusions involving persecution
249
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord
250
Psychosis
An abnormal condition of the mind, distortion of mental capacity
251
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
252
Radiculitis
Inflammation of the spinal nerve rootsS
253
Sciatica
Severe pain along the sciatic nerve, usually unilateral
254
Subdural
Below the dura mater
255
Vagotomy
Surgical incision of the vagus nerve
256
Amblyopia
Lazy eye causing dullness of vision
257
Ametropia
Defect in the refractive power of the eye
258
Aphakia
Absence of lens of the eye
259
Astigmatism
Abnormal curve of the cornea, rays of light do not focus on the retina but are spread over area causing out of focus vision
260
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the edges of the eyelids
261
Cataract
Opacity of the lens of the eye
262
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane covering the outer layer of the eye and lines the eyelids
263
Corneal
Pertaining to the cornea
264
Cycloplegia
Ciliary muscle paralysis
265
Diplopia
double vision
266
Ectropion
Turning outward (eyelid)
267
Entropion
Turning inward (eyelid)
268
Glaucoma
Disease of eye from increased intraocular pressure
269
Intraocular
Within the eye
270
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea
271
Lacrima
Relating to tears or to the glands that secrete tears
272
Ocular
pertaining to the eye
273
Ophthalmologist
Physician specializing in diseases of the eye
274
Ophthalmoscope
Instruments to examine the interior portion of the eye
275
Presbyopia
Farsightedness associated with aging and progressive disease
276
Retinopathy
Non inflammatory degenerative disease of the retina
277
Tonometer
Instrument to measure intraocular pressure
278
Trichiasis
Ingrown eyelashes
279
Audiology
Study of hearing disorders
280
Auricle
External ear
281
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the labyrinth
282
Myringoplasty
Repair of the tympanic membrane
283
Ossicles
Three small bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)
284
Otolaryngologist
Physician specializing in diseases of the ear and larynx
285
Otologist
Physician specializing in the ear
286
Otopyorrhea
Pus draining from the ear
287
Otoscope
Instruement used to examine the ear
288
Tinnitus
Ringing in the ear
289
Vertigo
Feeling of moving or spinning, caused by a disturbance in the labyrinth
290
Adam's Apple
Thyroid cartilage containing vocal cords
291
Diabetes
Disorder of glucose metabolism. Type I caused by pancreas' failure to produce insulin. Type II caused by a resistance to insulin
292
Endocrinologist
Physician specializing in the endocrine system
293
Euthyroid
Normal thyroid gland activity
294
Glandular
pertaining to a gland
295
Hyperkalemia
Excessive potassium in the blood
296
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
297
Hypothyroidism
Deficient secretion of the thyroid hormone
298
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhands of the pancreas. Regulate glucose metabolism
299
Parathyroid
Glands located behind the thyroid gland
300
Thymitis
Inflammation of the thymus gland
301
Thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid glands
302
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition caused by excess thyroid hormone, often from hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
303
Erythropathy
Disease of red blood cells
304
Hematocrit
Blood test measuring RBC volume. Separates the plasma and the RBC
305
Hematologist
Physician specializing in blood disorders
306
Hemoglobin
the red respiratory protein of RBCs; transports oxygen to the tissues
307
Hemolysis
Destruction of RBCs
308
Hemostasis
Control of bleeding
309
Hypercalcemia
Excessive calcium in the blood
310
Hyperglycemia
Excessive sugar in the blood
311
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive fat in the blood
312
Hypoglycemia
Deficient sugar in the blood
313
Leukemia
Overproduction of leukocytes resulting in chronic disease
314
Mononucleosis
Disease of excessive monouclear leukocytes in the blood due to infection with Epstein-Barr virus
315
Polycythemis
Abnormal increase in RBCs
316
Septicemis
Pathogenic bacteria in the blood
317
