Chapter 2 -Anatomy Flashcards
Anterior (ventral)
toward the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
toward the back of the body
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Toward the side of the body
Proximal
nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point
Distal
farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point
Superior (cranial)
above, toward the head
Inferior (caudal)
below, toward the lower end of the spine
Superficial (external)
closer to the surface of the body
Deep (internal)
closer to the center of the body
Supine
lying face up
Prone
lying face down
Saggital plane
Cuts through the body from front to back & divides the body into right and left sections
Midsaggital plane
Cuts through the MIDLINE of the body from front to back and divides the body into equal right and left sections
Frontal (coronal) plane
Cuts at a right angle to the midline, from side to side, and divides the body into front and back sections.
Transverse (horizontal) (axial)
Cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper and lower sections.
Cell membrane
Surrounds and protects individual cell
Nucleus
Small, round structure within center of a cell.
Contains chromosomes & DNA
Chromosome
Linear strand made of DNA
Cytology
study of cells
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Within nucleus, transcribed from DNA, play role in protein synthesis
Gene
Specific segment of base pairs in chromosomes
Mitosis
Cells divide and multiply
Allograft
a graft transplanted from one person to another who is not genetically identical
Autologous
Obtained from the patient as both the donor and recipient
Cutaneous
Pertaining to the skin
Dermatology
Study of the skin
Dermatologist
Physician specializing in the skin
Decubitus
Pressure ulcer, bedsore
Ecchymosis
Condition in which blood seeps into the skin, causing discoloration (bruise)
Hypodermic
Pertaining to under the skin
Intradermal
Pertaining to within the skin
Jaundice
Yellowness of the skin
Melanin
Pigment giving color to the skin
Melanoma
Pigmented malignant tumor of the skin
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice
Percutaneous
Through the skin either by absorption or by needle puncture
Pruritus
Severe itching
Subcutaneous
Pertaining to below the skin
Tinea
Ringworm, fungal infection of the skin
Transcutaneous
Penetrating, entering or passing through the skin
Trichomycosis
Fungal infection of the hair
Urticaria
raised hives on the skin with itching
Alopecia
loss of hair
Follicles
Specialized structures required for hair growth
Hair follicles
Sacs holding the root of hair fibers
Hair Papilla
Knoblike indentation at bottom of hair follicle containing the blood supply to hair root
Lunula
Little moon area of nail
Nail Body
Visible part of nail
Nail Bed
Skin below the nail, epidermis and dermis
Onychitis
Inflammation of nail matrix
Closed fracture
Does not involve a break in the skin
Compound fracture (open fracture)
Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection
Comminuted Fracture
More than two separate bone components (fragments)
Transverse Fracture
Breaks shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis
Greenstick Fracture
Only one side of shaft is broken and other is bent (common in children)
Spiral Fracture
Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress
Colles’ Fracture
Occurs in wrist and affects the distal radius bone
Compression Fracture
Vertebrae collapse due to trauma, tumor or osteoporosis
Epiphyseal Fracture
Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying. (usually children)
Ankylosis
Condition of stiffening of a joint
Arthralgia
Pain in joint
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint
Arthrodesis
Surgical fixation of a joint
Arthropathy
Joint disease
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist bones
Chondral
Pertaining to cartilage
Chondralgia
Pain around and in the cartilage
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the coccyx
Connective Tissue
Tissue connecting or binding together
Dactylic
Pertaining to finger or toe
Femoral
Pertaining to femur
Iliac
Pertaining to the ilium
Kyphosis
Abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)
Lordosis
Abnormal anterior curvature of spine, usually lumbar (swayback or hollowback)
Metacarpal
Long bones of hand
Osteoblast
Bone forming cell
Osteocarcinoma
Cancerous tumor of bone
Osteochondritis
Inflammation of bone and cartilage
Osteopenia
Lower than average bone density
Osteoporosis
Condition resulting in reduction of bone mass
Osteorrhaphy
Suture of bone
Patellar
Pertaining to patella
Phalanges
bones of the fingers and toes
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine
Sternotomy
Surgical incision of sternum
Tarsal
Pertaining to tarsal bones of foot (small bones in ankle)
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon
Angina
Spasmodic attacks of suffocating pain from inflammatory condition of the throat or mouth or angina pectoris.
Angiocarditis
Inflammation of heart & vessels
Angioplasty
Surgical repair of vessels
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of an artery
Arteriotomy
Incision into an artery
Artherosclerosis
Type of arteriosclerosis characterized by lipid deposits causing fibrosis and calcification
Bradycardia
Slow heartbeat
Cardiocentesis
Surgical puncture of the heart
Cardiologist
Physician specializing in the heart
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart
Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to heart & lungs
Carditis
Inflammation of the heart
Cyanosis
Bluing of skin & mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart allowing blood to refill the heart chambers
Electrocardiogram
Electrical tracing of the heart and heart muscle activity
Embolism
Blood clot traveling through a blood vessel to another part of the body
Hemangioma
Benign tumor of a blood vessel
Hypertension
Persistent excessive pressure in the arteries
Pacemaker
A system that uses low energy electronic pulses to control the heart rhythm
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Systole
Contraction of the heart
Thrombus
Blood clot formed within a blood vessel
Transluminal
Passing through a tubular organ or part such as the lumen of a blood vessel
Lymphadenitis
Inflammation & enlargement of lymph nodes
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Lymphedema
Swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction of excision of lymphatic vessels
Lyphoma
Neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue
Sentinel Node
First few lymph notes into which a tumor drains and cancer cells can likely spread from
Thymitis
Thymus gland inflammation
ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Symdrome
Pulmonary edema that can rapidly lead to death
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles
Bronchoscope
Instrument used to examine the bronchi
Carina
A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage where the trachea separates into two bronchi. Landmark for endoscopy. Sensitive, triggers a cough reflex
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Any group of chronic, progressive & debilitative respiratory diseases
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
Endotracheal tube
A tube placed through the mouth into the trachea to help a patient breathe
Hemothorax
Presence of blood in the pleural space
Hyperpnea
Abnormally rapid or deep breathing
Lobectomy
Surgical excision of a lobe of the lung
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing unless upright or in a straight position
Ortho- (straight)
-pnea (to breathe)
Pneumothorax
Collection of air in the chest or pleural cavity
Rales (crackles)
Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid typically during inspiration
Rhinorrhea
Discharge from the nose
Rhonchus
Rale or rattling sound in throat or bronchial tube caused by obstruction or inflamed bronchi
Tachypnea
Fast or rapid breathing
Thoracoscopy
Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope
Thoracotomy
Incision into the chest wall
Thoracentesis
Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity via surgical puncture, pleural tap
Tuberculosis
Highly contagious, chronic bacterial infection affecting the lungs
Wheeze
Whistling sound usually caused by air passageway obstruction, common in asthmatics
Aphagia
Inability to swallow
Bariatric
Pertaining to the prevention and control of obesity
Biliary
Pertaining to bile
Buccal
Pertaining to the cheek
Cholecystectomy
Surgical excision of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Colectomy
Excision of part of the colon
Colonoscopy
Examination of the colon and may include examination of the terminal ileum with an endoscope
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of one or more diverticulum
Diverticulosis
Presence of a number of diverticula of the intestine
Diverticulum
Small pouches that protrude from the wall of a hollow organ or structure. Most common in the lower portion of the large intestine.
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
Epigastric
Region above the stomach
Esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
Gastralgia
Pain in the stomach
Gastroenterologist
Physician specializing in the gastrointestinal system
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
Herniotomy
Incision into a hernia
Ileostomy
Creating an opening through the abdominal wall into the ileum
Laparotomy
Surgical incision into the abdomen
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx
Rectocele
Herniation of the rectum into the vagina
-cele (hernia, pouching, bulging)
Sigmoidoscope
Instrument used to view the sigmoid
Sphincter
A muscular ring around a lumen, or hollow structure
Spenomegaly
Enlarged spleen
Splenorrhaphy
Repair of the spleen
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
Sublingual
Below or beneath the tongue (hypoglossal)
Transoral
Through the mouth
Warthin’s Tumor
A tumor found in the salivary gland
Albuminuria
Presence of serum protein in the urine
Bacteriuria
Bacteria in the urine
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
A chronic disease in which the kidneys’ ability to filter waste from the blood declines slowly
Cystectomy
Excision of the bladder or part of the bladder, removal of a cyst
Cystitis
Inflammation of bladder
Cystocele
Hernia of the bladder protruding into the vagina
Cystolithectomy
Excision of a stone from the bladder
Cystopexy
Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
Cystoplasty
Surgical repair of the bladder
Cystorrhagia
Blood bursting forth from the bladder
-rrhagia/-rrhage ex: hemorrhage
Dialysis
Separation of waste material from blood to maintain fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balance in impaired kidney function
Dysuria
Difficult or painful urination
Hematuria
Blood in urine
Hydronephrosis
Condition where urine collects in the renal pelvis due to obstructed outflow, results in dilation of the renal pelvis and calices
Incontinence
Inability to hold urine
Nephrectomy
Excision of a kidney
Nephritis
Inflammation of a kideny
Nephrologist
Physician treating diseases of the kidney
Nephropathy
Disease of the kideny
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the kideny
Polyuria
Excessive urination
Pyelocystitis
Inflammation of the bladder and renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
Pyuria
Pus in urine
Uremia
Excess urea and other nitrogenous waste in blood
Ureteroplasty
Surgical repair of the ureter
Urethralgia (Urethrodynia)
Pain in the urethra
Urinalysis
Examination of the urine
Urologist
Physician treating diseases of the urinary system
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstration
Amniocentesis
Surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid
Antepartum
Time period during pregnancy before childbirth
Colporrhaphy
Suture or repair of the vaginal wall
Dysmenorrhea
Painful or difficult menstration
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus
Epispadias
Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the super aspect (dorsum) of the penis
Epi- above. -spadias opening of urethra
external os
The opening from the cervix into the vagina
Fibroma
firbous tumor, also called a myoma, fibroid, leiomyoma
Gynecologist
Physician specializing in female reproductive system
Hysterectomy
Surgical excision/removal of the uterus
Hypospadias
Congenital defect where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis
Mammography
Graphic recording of the breast using xray
Masectomy
Surgical excision of the breast
Menorrhagia
Excessive blood flow during menstration
Menorrhea
Normal menstration
Myometritis
Inflammation of the myometrium of the uterus
Oophorectomy
Surgical excision of one or both of the ovaries
Orchiectomy
Surgical excision of a testicle
Postpartum
period after childbirth
Salpingectomy
Surgical excision of fallopian tubes
Prostatalgia
Pain in the prostate
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina
Vasectomy
Excision of the vas deferens surgically
Amnesia
loss of memory
Ataxia
Loss of muscular coordination
Bradykinesia
Abnormal slowness of motion
Cephalgia/Cephalalgia
Headache
Cerebrospinal
Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord
Craniotomy
Surgical opening into the skull
Discectomy
Surgical excision of an intervertebral disc
Dysphasia
impairment of speech (AKA aphasia)
Encephalomalacia
Softening of the brain often due to ischemia or infarction
Epidural
Pertaining to above or outside the dura mater
Epilepsy
A brain disorder characterized by electrical disturbances resulting in seizures
Hemiparesis
Paralysis on one side of the body
Intracranial
Within the skull
Intrathecal administration
Injection into the spinal canal
Laminectomy
Excision of the vertebral bone (lamina)
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges or the membranes covering the spinal cord or brain
Myelitis
Inflammation of spinal cord
Neuralgia
Severe or stabbing pain in the course or distribution of a nerve
Neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve
Neurologist
Physician specializing in the nervous system
Neurolysis
Destruction of nerve tissue or lysis (breaking up) perineural adhesions
Neurorrhaphy
Repair of severed nerve by suture or graft
Neurosis
Emotional condition or disorder; anxiety is main characteristic
Neurotransmitters
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse
Paranoia
Mental disorder, often includes delusions involving persecution
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord
Psychosis
An abnormal condition of the mind, distortion of mental capacity
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
Radiculitis
Inflammation of the spinal nerve rootsS
Sciatica
Severe pain along the sciatic nerve, usually unilateral
Subdural
Below the dura mater
Vagotomy
Surgical incision of the vagus nerve
Amblyopia
Lazy eye causing dullness of vision
Ametropia
Defect in the refractive power of the eye
Aphakia
Absence of lens of the eye
Astigmatism
Abnormal curve of the cornea, rays of light do not focus on the retina but are spread over area causing out of focus vision
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the edges of the eyelids
Cataract
Opacity of the lens of the eye
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane covering the outer layer of the eye and lines the eyelids
Corneal
Pertaining to the cornea
Cycloplegia
Ciliary muscle paralysis
Diplopia
double vision
Ectropion
Turning outward (eyelid)
Entropion
Turning inward (eyelid)
Glaucoma
Disease of eye from increased intraocular pressure
Intraocular
Within the eye
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea
Lacrima
Relating to tears or to the glands that secrete tears
Ocular
pertaining to the eye
Ophthalmologist
Physician specializing in diseases of the eye
Ophthalmoscope
Instruments to examine the interior portion of the eye
Presbyopia
Farsightedness associated with aging and progressive disease
Retinopathy
Non inflammatory degenerative disease of the retina
Tonometer
Instrument to measure intraocular pressure
Trichiasis
Ingrown eyelashes
Audiology
Study of hearing disorders
Auricle
External ear
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the labyrinth
Myringoplasty
Repair of the tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Three small bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)
Otolaryngologist
Physician specializing in diseases of the ear and larynx
Otologist
Physician specializing in the ear
Otopyorrhea
Pus draining from the ear
Otoscope
Instruement used to examine the ear
Tinnitus
Ringing in the ear
Vertigo
Feeling of moving or spinning, caused by a disturbance in the labyrinth
Adam’s Apple
Thyroid cartilage containing vocal cords
Diabetes
Disorder of glucose metabolism. Type I caused by pancreas’ failure to produce insulin. Type II caused by a resistance to insulin
Endocrinologist
Physician specializing in the endocrine system
Euthyroid
Normal thyroid gland activity
Glandular
pertaining to a gland
Hyperkalemia
Excessive potassium in the blood
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
Hypothyroidism
Deficient secretion of the thyroid hormone
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhands of the pancreas. Regulate glucose metabolism
Parathyroid
Glands located behind the thyroid gland
Thymitis
Inflammation of the thymus gland
Thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid glands
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition caused by excess thyroid hormone, often from hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
Erythropathy
Disease of red blood cells
Hematocrit
Blood test measuring RBC volume. Separates the plasma and the RBC
Hematologist
Physician specializing in blood disorders
Hemoglobin
the red respiratory protein of RBCs; transports oxygen to the tissues
Hemolysis
Destruction of RBCs
Hemostasis
Control of bleeding
Hypercalcemia
Excessive calcium in the blood
Hyperglycemia
Excessive sugar in the blood
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive fat in the blood
Hypoglycemia
Deficient sugar in the blood
Leukemia
Overproduction of leukocytes resulting in chronic disease
Mononucleosis
Disease of excessive monouclear leukocytes in the blood due to infection with Epstein-Barr virus
Polycythemis
Abnormal increase in RBCs
Septicemis
Pathogenic bacteria in the blood